Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

В социальной среде люди часто объединяются в группы — будь то на основе такой категории, как пол, или каких-то особых интересов.

Такая категоризация может вызвать фаворитизм и эмоциональные связи по отношению к другим членам, разделяя социальный мир на «мы» и «они», то есть создавая внутреннюю группу — конкретную единицу, к которой индивиды идентифицируют себя принадлежащими, — и чужую группу — группу людей, которые рассматриваются как принципиально отличающиеся.

В этом случае каждый вооружен доминирующими источниками идентичности и самоуважения в своей группе, и прочные связи могут создать внутригрупповые предубеждения — предпочтения связанной группы по сравнению с другими группами.

Поскольку люди сохраняют позитивный взгляд на себя, могут возникать предрассудки и дискриминация, чтобы защитить тех, кто принадлежит к конкретной группе.

Следовательно, внутренняя группа может затем обвинять чужую группу в любых несчастьях, которые они воспринимают. Эта концепция называется «козлом отпущения» — это акт обвинения чужой группы, когда он испытывает какое-либо раздражение или предполагаемую угрозу в достижении результата.

Хорошая новость заключается в том, что социальную нестабильность можно примирить между группами. Например, посредством целенаправленного общения члены группы могут распознавать и сопереживать переживаниям чужих , чтобы стимулировать позитивные изменения.

Входящие и внешние группы

Все люди принадлежат к полу, расе, возрасту и социально-экономической группе. Эти группы являются мощным источником нашей идентичности и самоуважения (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) и служат нашими внутренними группами. Внутренняя группа – это группа, с которой мы отождествляем себя или считаем себя принадлежащими.

Группа, к которой мы не принадлежим, аутсайдер — это группа, которую мы считаем принципиально отличной от нас. Например, если вы женщина, ваш пол в группе включает всех женщин, а ваш пол вне группы включает всех мужчин. Люди часто рассматривают гендерные группы как принципиально отличающиеся друг от друга по личностным чертам, характеристикам, социальным ролям и интересам.

Поскольку мы часто чувствуем сильное чувство принадлежности и эмоциональной связи с нашими внутренними группами, у нас развивается внутригрупповое предубеждение: предпочтение своей собственной группы перед другими. Эта внутригрупповая предвзятость может привести к предрассудкам и дискриминации, потому что чужая группа воспринимается как другая и менее предпочтительная, чем наша свою. Одна из функций предрассудков заключается в том, чтобы помочь нам чувствовать себя хорошо и поддерживать позитивную самооценку. Эта потребность чувствовать себя хорошо распространяется и на наших внутренних групп: мы хотим чувствовать себя хорошо и защищать наших близких. Мы стремимся устранять угрозы индивидуально и на внутригрупповом уровне. Это часто происходит, когда вы обвиняете в проблеме чужую группу. Превращение в козла отпущения — это обвинение чужой группы, когда внутренняя группа испытывает разочарование или не может достичь цели (Allport, 1954).

Несмотря на групповую динамику, которая, кажется, только подталкивает группы к конфликту, существуют силы, способствующие примирению между группами: выражение сочувствия, признание прошлых страданий с обеих сторон и прекращение деструктивного поведения.

Кошки и кролики в этом видео

Кошки и кролики были использованы здесь в качестве метафоры, представляющей внутренние и внешние группы по вашему выбору. Например, если вы спортивный болельщик, возможно, вы можете подумать о своей команде против команды соперника.   

 

Этот текст адаптирован из <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Психология. OpenStax CNX.</a>

Все люди принадлежат к полу, расе, возрасту и социально-экономической группе. Эти группы являются мощным источником нашей идентичности и самоуважения (Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Социальная психология

Foundations of Social Psychology

Основы социальной психологии

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Стереотипы, предрассудки и дискриминация

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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