Name: how scientists test a hypothesis
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 3 min 50 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

The Scientific Method

Научный метод это системный подход, которому следуют все научные дисциплины. Он состоит из шести основных шагов:наблюдение, постановка вопроса, построение гипотезы, проведение экспериментов, интерпретация данных и, наконец, вывод заключения. Научный метод начинается с наблюдения и вопроса, помогающего понять это наблюдение.Например, французский химик Антуан Лавуазье наблюдал явление горения. Он сформулировал вопрос, чтобы понять, что происходит, когда что-то горит. Куда пропадает вещество?Третий шаг научного метода построение гипотезы, предварительного объяснения рассматриваемого наблюдения, которое можно проверить. В ответ на свой вопрос Куда пропадает вещество? Лавуазье выдвинул гипотезу, что в химической реакции вещество не создается и не разрушается.Хорошая гипотеза также поддается проверке и опровержению. Проверяемая гипотеза это гипотеза, которая делает прогнозы, которые могут быть подтверждены экспериментами или наблюдениями. Гипотеза является опровергаемой, если ее можно опровергнуть экспериментально.Четвертый этап научного метода проведение экспериментов и сбор данных. Эксперименты это наблюдения или измерения, проводимые в контролируемой среде На этом этапе исследуется, насколько точно гипотеза предсказывает реальные явления. Некоторые эксперименты и наблюдения носят качественный характер они описывают, как происходит процесс.Другие количественный измерение или количественная оценка процесса. Лавуазье проверил свою гипотезу, нагревая ртуть в закрытом сосуде. Это привело к образованию красноватого вещества.Его эксперименты были количественными, поэтому он тщательно регистрировал массу реагентов и продуктов реакции как в замкнутой системе, так и по отдельности. Пятый шаг это интерпретация и анализ данных оценка того, подтверждают ли результаты гипотезу или опровергают ее, и необходимы ли дальнейшие эксперименты. Лавуазье заметил, что общая масса сосуда и его содержимого до и после реакции оставалась неизменной, хотя масса красного продукта была больше, чем масса исходной ртути.Последний шаг сделать логический вывод и решить, принять или отвергнуть гипотезу. Если результаты убедительно подтверждают гипотезу, то она принимается. Ее также можно подвергнуть дальнейшей проверке или доработке, задав новые вопросы и проведя новые эксперименты.Из своих экспериментов Лавуазье пришел к выводу, что, поскольку общая масса сосуда осталась неизменной во время реакции, кислород в сосуде соединился с ртутью с образованием нового соединения, теперь известного как оксид ртути Этот вывод убедительно подтвердил его гипотезу о сохранении массы что общая масса объектов остается неизменной в процессе горения. Однако, если гипотеза опровергнута, ученые могут сформулировать новую гипотезу, руководствуясь результатами неудачных экспериментов, и начать все сначала. Несмотря на то, что мы рассматриваем научный метод как серию шагов, новая информация или идеи могут побудить ученого вернуться назад и повторить шаги на любом этапе течения процесса.Таким образом, научный метод представляет собой итеративный процесс.

Научные методы

Химия – это эмпирическая наука. Ученые часто задают вопросы, чтобы понять химию в повседневной жизни и найти ответы на эти вопросы. Для этого ученые следуют определенному ряду шагов, которые вместе составляют Научный метод. Этот подход предполагает проведение наблюдений, постановку вопросов, построение гипотезы, проведение экспериментов, анализ результатов, и формирование заключения.  
 
 <h4>Наблюдения и вопросы </h4>
 
 Первым шагом в научном методе является наблюдение за явлением в физическом мире. Далее ставится вопрос, чтобы лучше понять это явление. Например, вопрос может заключаться в следующем: “что замерзает быстрее, обычная вода или вода с добавлением соли?” 
 
 Гипотеза <h4></h4>
 
 Следующий шаг – сформулировать объяснение для конкретного наблюдения. Эта предварительная интерпретация для набора наблюдений, которые являются руководством для понимания наблюдаемого явления, называется гипотезой. Например, для вышеуказанного вопроса гипотеза может означать, что добавление соли изменяет точку замерзания чистой воды. 
 
 Ученые часто используют более ранние исследования и литературу, чтобы начать их собственное исследование и сформулировать гипотезу, которую можно было бы проверить с помощью экспериментов. Сильная гипотеза является одновременно и проверяемой, и фальсифицируемой. Она считается проверяемой, если её истинность может быть доказана, и фальсифицируемой, если её можно опровергнуть; в этом случае ученый должен изменить или отменить гипотезу.  
 
 <h4>Экспериментирование  </h4>
 
 Третий шаг – это разработка и проведение экспериментов по проверке достоверности гипотезы. Эксперименты — это измерения и наблюдения, проводимые в контролируемых условиях. Некоторые наблюдения и эксперименты являются качественными (описывающие, как происходит процесс), в то время как многие являются количественными (измеряют или количественно измеряют что-то о процессе). Чтобы проверить гипотезу о соленой воде, ученый может взять два стекла с одинаковым количеством воды при комнатной температуре. В один из стаканов можно добавить ложку соли, а затем поставить в морозильную камеру оба стакана. Состояние воды в каждом стакане можно наблюдать каждые 15 минут, и можно записать время, затраченное на полное замерзание каждого стакана воды.  
 
 Дизайн эксперимента является критическим шагом в научном методе. Необходимо следить за количеством переменных факторов, чтобы можно было контролировать воздействие конкретного фактора.  
 
 <h4>Анализ результатов и заключение </h4>
 
 Следующим шагом является анализ результатов экспериментов и сделать заключение, подтверждают ли эти результаты гипотезу или нет. Если вывод заключается в том, что они это делают, то гипотеза принимается и может быть подвергнута дальнейшему экспериментированию, чтобы ответить на новые вопросы. Когда доказана ошибочность гипотезы, можно предложить новую гипотезу, и процесс продолжится.  
 
 В примере с соленой водой результаты указывают на то, что соленая вода требует больше времени для замораживания, чем обычная вода. Это позволяет сделать вывод, что вода с солью замерзает медленнее, чем обычная вода. Таким образом, результаты подтверждают гипотезу. 
 
 Этот текст адаптирован из <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-1-chemistry-in-context"">Openstax, Химия 2е изд., раздел 1.1: Научный метод.</a>"

Химия – это эмпирическая наука. Ученые часто задают вопросы для понимания химии в повседневной жизни и ищут ответы на эти вопросы. Кому...

Education

JoVE Core

Химия

Один

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

Введение: Вещество и измерения

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

how scientists test a hypothesis

Chemistry uses the scientific method to turn observations into testable answers. Scientists begin by observing a phenomenon in the physical world and then asking a question about it. This process helps explain everyday chemistry through evidence.

A question leads to a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for what is being observed. Scientists often use earlier research and published literature to shape that idea. A strong hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported by evidence, and falsifiable, meaning it can also be proven wrong.

The next step is experimentation. Scientists design and carry out experiments under controlled conditions to test the hypothesis. These tests can include qualitative observations, which describe how a process happens, and quantitative measurements, which record how much or how long something changes.

A clear example is the freezing of plain water and salt water. A scientist can place equal amounts of room-temperature water into two glasses, add salt to one glass, and put both in a freezer. By checking the glasses every 15 minutes and recording the time until each one freezes, the scientist can compare the results while keeping other variables controlled.

After the experiment, the results are analyzed and used to form a conclusion. If the data support the hypothesis, it may be accepted and tested further with new questions. If the hypothesis is not supported, a new one can be proposed and the process begins again. In the salt-water example, the results show that salt water freezes more slowly than plain water, so the hypothesis is validated.

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

scientific laws and theories

How Science Explains Laws and Theories

Scientific laws and scientific theories describe science in two different ways. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement that summarizes many experimental observations. It describes or predicts aspects of the natural world that stay the same under the same conditions. A scientific theory is different because it explains why natural events happen. It is a unifying principle that gives a well-supported and testable explanation for a broad set of observations. Strong theories are the...

the scientific method

Chemistry uses the scientific method to turn observations into testable answers. Scientists begin by observing a phenomenon in the physical world and then asking a question about it. This process helps explain everyday chemistry through evidence. A question leads to a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for what is being observed. Scientists often use earlier research and published literature to shape that idea. A strong hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported by...

physical and chemical properties of matter

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

what is energy?

Energy Forms and Conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

classifying matter by state

States of Matter and Their Properties

States of matter help describe how matter behaves in chemistry. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is found everywhere, including air, water, soil, mountains, and even our bodies. The three common states on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Its particles, such as atoms or molecules, are packed very closely together and held in place by strong forces, so they only vibrate slightly. This tight arrangement makes solids...

measurement: standard units

Measurement: SI Units and Conversions

Measurement gives three kinds of information: a number, a unit, and an estimate of uncertainty. The number shows size or magnitude. The unit gives a standard for comparison. The uncertainty reflects possible error in the measurement. Numbers can be written in more than one way. A value may appear in decimal form or in scientific notation, which is also called exponential notation. For example, the maximum take-off weight of a Boeing 777-200ER airliner is 298,000 kilograms, or 2.98 × 10^5 kg. <br...

classifying matter by composition

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from. A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own...

measurement: derived units

SI Units, Density, and Property Types

SI units and derived units help describe physical properties in chemistry. The International System of Units, or SI system, uses agreed-upon base units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. Units made by combining these base units are called SI-derived units. Speed is one example. If distance is measured in meters and time in seconds, the derived unit for speed is meters per second, or m/s. Miles per hour is...

dimensional analysis

Using Conversion Factors to Cancel Units

Dimensional analysis is a method for using conversion factors to cancel units and solve measurement problems. It is also called the factor label method. The main rule is that units must be treated the same way as the numbers attached to them. A conversion factor is a ratio of two equal quantities written in different units. For example, 1 meter is equal to 1.0936 yards. That relationship can be used to build a factor that converts one unit into the other. When a value is multiplied or divided...

uncertainty in measurement: accuracy and precision

uncertainty-in-measurement-accuracy-and-precision

Measurement Error: Reading Results Correctly

Measurement error affects how scientists judge the quality of their results. Repeated measurements help show whether results are precise and accurate. A measurement is precise when repeated values are very similar. A measurement is accurate when it is very close to the true or accepted value. Precise values agree with each other, while accurate values agree with the true value. A pharmaceutical quality control chemist can use this idea to check machines that dispense 500 mL of cough syrup. The...

uncertainty in measurement: reading instruments

uncertainty-in-measurement-reading-instruments

Measurement Uncertainty and Significant Figures

Measurement uncertainty and significant figures show how carefully a value can be read from an instrument. Counting is different. If the number of objects does not change during counting, the result is exact. Defined quantities are exact too. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Most other measurements are not exact because the measuring process has limits. The result depends on the device used and on the person...

uncertainty in measurement: significant figures

uncertainty-in-measurement-significant-figures

Significant Figures and Rounding Rules

Significant figures and rounding rules help students report measurements with the right level of certainty. A measurement includes every digit that was actually measured, including the last uncertain digit. That is why a value can look simple but still carry useful information about the tool used to measure it. Zero can also be significant when it is part of a measured value. For example, if a scale reads 140 pounds to the nearest pound, the 1, 4, and 0 are all significant. Reporting...

key terms and concepts

Explore how scientists use observations, hypotheses, controlled experiments, and data analysis to test ideas, using a salt water freezing example.

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Chemistry brings general chemistry concepts to life using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Plus, in the scientist-in-action videos, we demonstrate classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Earth Science

ES.1

ES.1.a

ES.1.f

Life Science

LS.1

LS.1.a

LS.1.f

Physical Science

PS.1

PS.1.f

Physics

PH.1

PH.1.f

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.A

CHEM.1.H

Florida Department of Education

Nature of Science

SC.912.N.1

SC.912.N.1.1

SC.912.N.1.2

SC.912.N.2

SC.912.N.2.1

PHYS.4

PHYS.4.A

PHYS.4.B

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.4

IPC.4.A

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To ...

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories &mdash; pure substances and ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

PS.Chm.1.2

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that ...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.

PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Atomic Mass

Atoms &mdash; and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them &mdash; are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 ...

Molar Mass

The identity of a substance is defined not only by the types of atoms or ions it contains but by the quantity of each type of atom or ion. For example, ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.Chm.2.1

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...

trends-in-lattice-energy-ion-size-and-charge

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

bond-polarity-dipole-moment-and-percent-ionic-character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity

The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (&Delta;EN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:


	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

molecular-comparison-of-gases-liquids-and-solids

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no ...

Construct an explanation to summarize the influences intermolecular forces have on the properties of chemical compounds.

PS.Chm.3.2

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

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