Name: energy sources and forms in matter
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:40.000Z
Duration: 58 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

ESS.EES.5.4

Energy

Энергия определяется как способность выполнять работу. Он подразделяется на два основных типа: потенциальный и кинетический.
Потенциальная энергия — это энергия, связанная с положением, составом или состоянием объекта. Она также известна как энергия покоя или накопленная энергия. Например, книга на столе обладает потенциальной энергией благодаря своей высоте над землей. Эта потенциальная энергия остается в книге до тех пор, пока она удерживается в этом положении.
Кинетическая энергия – это энергия, которая связана с движением объекта. Например, когда книга падает со стола, ее потенциальная энергия преобразуется в кинетическую энергию из-за ее движения.

Энергия

Вселенная состоит из различных форм материи, и все формы материи содержат энергию.  Различные формы энергии на Земле происходят от Солнца—конечного источника энергии. Например, растения захватывают световую энергию от Солнца и, через процесс фотосинтеза, превращают её в химическую энергию. Эта запасённая энергия в растениях может быть использована различными способами. Например, употребление растительных продуктов в пищу обеспечивает энергию для работы нашего организма, а сжигание древесины или угля (ископаемых растений) создаёт тепло и электричество. Поскольку все изменения вещества включают изменения в энергии, важно понимать, как энергия перемещается из одной формы в другую.

Энергия определяется как способность выполнять работу. Работа выполняется, когда приложенная к объекту сила вызывает перемещение объекта в противодействие другой силе. Например, работа выполняется, когда стол толкается через комнату преодолевая сопротивления пола.

Энергию можно разделить на два основных типа: потенциальную энергию и кинетическую энергию. Потенциальная энергия - это энергия, связанная с относительным положением, составом или состоянием объекта. Кинетическая энергия - это энергия, связанная с движением объекта. Например, вода, задержанная за плотиной, обладает потенциальной энергией из-за своего положения над землей. Когда она течёт вниз через генераторы, она приобретает кинетическую энергию, которая может быть использована для генерации электричества в гидроэлектростанции.

Этот текст адаптирован из <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-1-energy-basics">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 5.1: Energy Basics.</a>

Вселенная состоит из материи в различных формах, и все формы материи содержат энергию. Различные формы энергии на Земле происходят из...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Физика

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Work and Kinetic Energy

Работа и кинетическая энергия

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

energy sources and forms in matter

Energy in matter comes from the Sun and changes form in many everyday processes. The universe is made of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. On Earth, many energy sources can be traced back to the Sun, which is the ultimate energy source.

Plants capture light energy from the Sun during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy can then be used in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which are fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity.

Energy is the ability to do work. Work happens when a force makes an object move against an opposing force. A table pushed across a room is an example, because the push overcomes the resistance from the floor.

Energy is often grouped into two main types: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is energy tied to an object's position, composition, or condition. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Water held behind a dam has potential energy because of its height above the ground, and as it flows through generators, it gains kinetic energy that can help produce electricity in a hydroelectric power plant.

Energy Sources and Forms in Matter

work

Work in Physics: Force and Motion

Work in physics connects force, motion, and energy transfer. Work is done when a force acts on an object and that object moves from one position to another. If there is no displacement, no work is done, even if a force is present. The amount of work depends on the force and the direction of motion. For a very small displacement, the work done is written as the dot product of force and displacement vectors. That means work depends on the size of the vectors and the angle between them. You can...

positive, negative, and zero work

How Force Direction Changes Work

Work in physics depends on the direction of a force and the way an object moves. Work is done when energy is transferred to an object. It happens when a force acts on a body that moves from one position to another. The work done by a force is defined as the integral of the force with respect to displacement along the path. Forces can change with position, and an object can move along different paths between the same two points. In vector form, the size of a force times the cosine of the angle...

energy

Energy in matter comes from the Sun and changes form in many everyday processes. The universe is made of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. On Earth, many energy sources can be traced back to the Sun, which is the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy can then be used in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which are fossilized...

types of potential energy

Potential Energy Examples in Everyday Physics

Potential energy is stored energy, and it appears in several everyday forms. It is also called energy at rest because it is ready to be used later. In physics, different systems can store energy in different ways. Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored by an object because of its position. An apple hanging from a tree is one clear example. Electrical potential energy is stored when electric charges attract or repel each other. Chemical potential energy is stored in the bonds...

types of kinetic energy

How Mass and Speed Affect Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy depends on an object’s mass and speed. A heavier object moving at the same speed has more kinetic energy than a lighter one. An object moving faster also has more kinetic energy when the mass stays the same. The transcript also describes several forms of kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is linked to the motion of an object. A bullet fired from a gun and water flowing down a dam are examples of mechanical energy. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges.

kinetic energy - i

Motion Energy in Collisions

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It depends on how fast an object moves, not on the direction of its velocity. In classical mechanics, this idea helps explain how moving bodies affect other bodies during collisions. A classic example is a perfectly elastic, head-on collision between two identical bodies, with one body initially at rest. After the collision, the first body stops, and the second body moves away with the first body's original velocity. This same pattern can be seen in...

kinetic energy - ii

Kinetic Energy, Momentum, and Reference Frames

Kinetic energy depends on mass, speed, momentum, and the frame of reference. For a particle, it is one-half of the particle’s mass times the square of its speed. The same idea can also be written in terms of mass and momentum instead of mass and velocity. The units of kinetic energy are mass times speed-squared. These units match the units of work. Force times distance also gives the same units, so kinetic energy and work are measured in joules. That is why work and kinetic energy are two...

work-energy theorem

Work Done and Kinetic Energy

Work done by the net force is linked to an object's kinetic energy. In physics, the net force is the total force acting on an object. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy. This relationship is useful when acceleration is not constant. If the change in velocity is known, the theorem can still help calculate the work done by a force. It connects force, motion, and energy in a...

work and energy for variable forces

Variable Force Work via Graphs and Energy

Variable force work and energy can be found by using force-displacement graphs and the work-energy principle. When a force changes as an object moves, the calculation is more complex than for a constant force. Work is the product of force and displacement, and energy is the capacity of a system to do work. For a constant force, work is found by multiplying the force by the distance moved in the direction of the force. For a variable force, the work done is the area under the force-displacement...

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work-energy theorem for motion along a curve

work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Along Curved Paths

The work-energy theorem can be applied to motion along a curved path. A curved path can be treated as many tiny straight paths added together. On each small part, the force can be taken as constant, so the work-energy theorem can be used there. The total result comes from adding the work done along all of those small path segments. The net work is found with an integral, which adds the work from each infinitesimal path. The total change in kinetic energy is the sum of the changes along the way.

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work done over an inclined plane

Gravity and Work on Sloped Motion

Gravity and work on sloped motion can be described with the center-of-mass framework. For a rigid body, internal forces do no work, so they can be ignored. The work-energy theorem then uses only the external forces. The work done by gravity depends on the path of the body’s center of mass. If gravity helps increase kinetic energy, the work is positive. If an object is lifted against gravity, the work is negative because kinetic energy decreases. For horizontal motion, the work done by or...

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work done by many forces

Calculating Work from Multiple Forces

Calculating work from multiple forces can be done in two ways, and both methods give the same result. One method finds the work done by each force first. The other method finds the net force by adding the force vectors first.

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work done by gravity

Gravity and Positive vs Negative Work

Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. On Earth, the force between an object and Earth is called gravity. Gravity does work on an object when it moves the object toward Earth’s center. In that case, the work done by gravity is positive. When an external force lifts an object away from Earth’s center, that force works against gravity. The net work done in this case is negative. If an object moves along the Earth with no change in distance toward or away from Earth’s center,...

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power

Power in Work and Motion

Power connects work with the time needed to do it. Work depends on force and displacement. The work-energy theorem also links net work on an object to the change in its kinetic energy between two points on its path. These ideas do not include time directly, but time still matters in many real situations. A sprinter is a clear example. Two runners may reach the same finish speed, so they do the same amount of work. The winner is the one who reaches that speed in less time. Power describes this...

power expended by a constant force

Power as the Rate of Doing Work

Power describes how fast work is done. In physics, two sprinters can cross the finish line with the same velocity and do the same amount of work, but the one who finishes first has greater power because the work takes less time. Average power is the work done during a time interval divided by that time interval. When the time interval becomes very small, this becomes instantaneous power. That gives the power at a specific moment instead of over a longer stretch of time. Power can also be...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the Sun powers energy on Earth, how plants store it, and how potential and kinetic energy support work, movement, and electricity.

Energy Sources and Forms in Matter | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.2

Physical Science

PS.PSc.7.2

PS.Phy.6.1

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

3.2.9-12.O

3.2.9-12.P

3.2.9-12.Q

3.2.9-12.R

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

HS-PS3-2

HS-PS3-3

HS-PS3-1

HS-PS3-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Energy And Waves

Conservation of energy

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Energy resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

PHYS.PS3.1

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Earth Science

ES.6

ES.6.d

PS.5

PS.5.a

PH.4

PH.4.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

2.2.1 9P.2.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P4

HS.P4U1.8

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.PS.1.1

9-12.PS.1.1.a

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

9-12.ESS.1.1

9-12.P.2.3.a

9-12.P.2.3.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.1

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.9

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

PHYS.7

PHYS.7.B

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.6

IPC.6.C

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

P-PS3-1

P-PS3-2

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Earth and Space Sciences

Space Systems

HS-ESS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SP3.

Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem.

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Energy Dynamics

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Extinction

The History of Life on Earth
Fossils of organisms that were different from anything alive today had been documented as early as the 17th century, but it ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Climate Change

The certainty of climate change remains a public controversy despite the consensus among approximately 97% of active climate researchers, who not only ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the impacts of land use on Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.5.1

water-quality-analysis-via-indicator-organisms

Water Quality Analysis via Indicator Organisms

Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba -The University of Arizona
Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner
Water quality analysis monitors ...

Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential plant nutrients found in aquatic ...

turbidity-and-total-solids-in-surface-water

Turbidity and Total Solids in Surface Water

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Turbidity and total solids are related measurements addressing clarity of ...

environmental-applications-of-microorganisms

Environmental Applications of Microorganisms

Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as ...

Dissolved Oxygen in Surface Water

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements calculate the amount of gaseous oxygen ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

Analyze and interpret data to evaluate how human use of ground and surface waters impacts water quality and availability in river basins, wetlands, estuaries, and aquifers.

ESS.EES.5.2

Measuring Tropospheric Ozone

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Ozone is a form of elemental oxygen (O3), a molecule of three oxygen atoms ...

determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

Determination Of NOx in Automobile Exhaust Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In the troposphere, ozone is naturally formed when sunlight splits nitrogen ...

Construct an argument to evaluate the ways that human activities influence atmospheric composition.

ESS.EES.5.3

Evaluate how human consumption patterns impact Earth's systems.

Energy Sources and Forms in Matter

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