Name: how mass and speed affect kinetic energy
Uploaded: 2025-05-22T09:05:47.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

PS.PSc.7.2

Types of Kinetic Energy

Кинетическая энергия сама по себе также существует в различных формах, а именно в механической, электрической, тепловой и лучистой энергиях.
В то время как механическая энергия возникает в результате механического движения объекта, такого как движущийся автомобиль, электрическая энергия состоит из потока электрических зарядов, как это видно при ударах молнии. Когда кинетическая энергия проявляется в форме электромагнитных волн, таких как энергия солнечного света, это лучистая энергия.
Тепловая энергия — это кинетическая энергия, связанная с движением атомов и молекул в объекте. По мере того как атомы и молекулы внутри объекта быстро движутся или вибрируют и чаще сталкиваются друг с другом, температура объекта увеличивается. Тепло от горящего пламени является примером тепловой энергии.
Обратное происходит, когда вибрации или движения этих атомов и молекул замедляются. Тогда говорят, что объект холодный и имеет низкую тепловую энергию - например, когда вода замерзает.

Виды кинетической энергии

Количество кинетической энергии объекта зависит от его массы и скорости. Рассмотрим два шара с разными массами, скатывающиеся с одинаковой скоростью по наклонной плоскости. Более тяжёлый шар будет иметь больше кинетической энергии. Аналогично, когда два шара с одинаковой массой скатываются по наклонной плоскости с разными скоростями, у шара, который движется быстрее, будет больше кинетической энергии.

Существуют несколько различных форм кинетической энергии, включая механическую, электрическую, излучательную и тепловую энергию. Механическая энергия связана с движением объекта. Чем быстрее объект движется, тем больше механической энергии у него есть. Например, пуля, выпущенная из оружия, или вода, текущая по плотине, являются примерами механической энергии. Электрическая энергия связана с потоком электрических зарядов, как наблюдается при молниях во время гроз или в электрических цепях и устройствах. Излучательная энергия является формой кинетической энергии, которая передвигается в виде электромагнитных волн и может быть ощутима в виде света и тепла. Солнечный свет - пример излучательной энергии.

Тепловая энергия связана с хаотическим движением атомов и молекул. Температура является мерой средней кинетической энергии частиц в объекте. Когда атомы и молекулы в объекте быстро движутся или вибрируют, у них больше средняя кинетическая энергия, и объект имеет более высокую температуру. Когда атомы и молекулы медленно движутся, у них меньше средняя кинетическая энергия, и объект имеет более низкую температуру. Таким образом, тепловую энергию можно наблюдать по изменениям температуры объекта. Предполагая, что не происходит химических реакций или изменений фазы (таких как плавление или испарение), увеличение количества тепловой энергии в образце вещества приведет к повышению его температуры. Аналогично, уменьшение количества тепловой энергии в образце вещества приведет к снижению его температуры.

Этот текст адаптирован из <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-1-energy-basics">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 5.1: Energy Basics.</a>

Количество кинетической энергии объекта зависит от его массы и скорости. Рассмотрим два шара разной массы, катящиеся по наклонной плоскости в одну и ту же сторону...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Физика

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Work and Kinetic Energy

Работа и кинетическая энергия

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

how mass and speed affect kinetic energy

Kinetic energy depends on an object’s mass and speed. A heavier object moving at the same speed has more kinetic energy than a lighter one. An object moving faster also has more kinetic energy when the mass stays the same.

The transcript also describes several forms of kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is linked to the motion of an object. A bullet fired from a gun and water flowing down a dam are examples of mechanical energy.

Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges. Lightning during a thunderstorm is one example, and electrical circuits and devices are others. Radiant energy travels as electromagnetic waves and can be experienced as light and heat. Sunlight is an example of radiant energy.

Thermal energy is related to the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. When atoms and molecules move or vibrate quickly, the object has a higher average kinetic energy and a higher temperature. When they move more slowly, the average kinetic energy and temperature are lower. If no chemical reaction or phase change occurs, adding thermal energy raises temperature, and removing thermal energy lowers it.

How Mass and Speed Affect Kinetic Energy

work

Work in Physics: Force and Motion

Work in physics connects force, motion, and energy transfer. Work is done when a force acts on an object and that object moves from one position to another. If there is no displacement, no work is done, even if a force is present. The amount of work depends on the force and the direction of motion. For a very small displacement, the work done is written as the dot product of force and displacement vectors. That means work depends on the size of the vectors and the angle between them. You can...

positive, negative, and zero work

How Force Direction Changes Work

Work in physics depends on the direction of a force and the way an object moves. Work is done when energy is transferred to an object. It happens when a force acts on a body that moves from one position to another. The work done by a force is defined as the integral of the force with respect to displacement along the path. Forces can change with position, and an object can move along different paths between the same two points. In vector form, the size of a force times the cosine of the angle...

energy

Energy Sources and Forms in Matter

Energy in matter comes from the Sun and changes form in many everyday processes. The universe is made of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. On Earth, many energy sources can be traced back to the Sun, which is the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy can then be used in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which are fossilized...

types of potential energy

Potential Energy Examples in Everyday Physics

Potential energy is stored energy, and it appears in several everyday forms. It is also called energy at rest because it is ready to be used later. In physics, different systems can store energy in different ways. Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored by an object because of its position. An apple hanging from a tree is one clear example. Electrical potential energy is stored when electric charges attract or repel each other. Chemical potential energy is stored in the bonds...

types of kinetic energy

Kinetic energy depends on an object’s mass and speed. A heavier object moving at the same speed has more kinetic energy than a lighter one. An object moving faster also has more kinetic energy when the mass stays the same. The transcript also describes several forms of kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is linked to the motion of an object. A bullet fired from a gun and water flowing down a dam are examples of mechanical energy. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges.

kinetic energy - i

Motion Energy in Collisions

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It depends on how fast an object moves, not on the direction of its velocity. In classical mechanics, this idea helps explain how moving bodies affect other bodies during collisions. A classic example is a perfectly elastic, head-on collision between two identical bodies, with one body initially at rest. After the collision, the first body stops, and the second body moves away with the first body's original velocity. This same pattern can be seen in...

kinetic energy - ii

Kinetic Energy, Momentum, and Reference Frames

Kinetic energy depends on mass, speed, momentum, and the frame of reference. For a particle, it is one-half of the particle’s mass times the square of its speed. The same idea can also be written in terms of mass and momentum instead of mass and velocity. The units of kinetic energy are mass times speed-squared. These units match the units of work. Force times distance also gives the same units, so kinetic energy and work are measured in joules. That is why work and kinetic energy are two...

work-energy theorem

Work Done and Kinetic Energy

Work done by the net force is linked to an object's kinetic energy. In physics, the net force is the total force acting on an object. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy. This relationship is useful when acceleration is not constant. If the change in velocity is known, the theorem can still help calculate the work done by a force. It connects force, motion, and energy in a...

work and energy for variable forces

Variable Force Work via Graphs and Energy

Variable force work and energy can be found by using force-displacement graphs and the work-energy principle. When a force changes as an object moves, the calculation is more complex than for a constant force. Work is the product of force and displacement, and energy is the capacity of a system to do work. For a constant force, work is found by multiplying the force by the distance moved in the direction of the force. For a variable force, the work done is the area under the force-displacement...

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work-energy theorem for motion along a curve

work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Along Curved Paths

The work-energy theorem can be applied to motion along a curved path. A curved path can be treated as many tiny straight paths added together. On each small part, the force can be taken as constant, so the work-energy theorem can be used there. The total result comes from adding the work done along all of those small path segments. The net work is found with an integral, which adds the work from each infinitesimal path. The total change in kinetic energy is the sum of the changes along the way.

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work done over an inclined plane

Gravity and Work on Sloped Motion

Gravity and work on sloped motion can be described with the center-of-mass framework. For a rigid body, internal forces do no work, so they can be ignored. The work-energy theorem then uses only the external forces. The work done by gravity depends on the path of the body’s center of mass. If gravity helps increase kinetic energy, the work is positive. If an object is lifted against gravity, the work is negative because kinetic energy decreases. For horizontal motion, the work done by or...

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work done by many forces

Calculating Work from Multiple Forces

Calculating work from multiple forces can be done in two ways, and both methods give the same result. One method finds the work done by each force first. The other method finds the net force by adding the force vectors first.

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work done by gravity

Gravity and Positive vs Negative Work

Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. On Earth, the force between an object and Earth is called gravity. Gravity does work on an object when it moves the object toward Earth’s center. In that case, the work done by gravity is positive. When an external force lifts an object away from Earth’s center, that force works against gravity. The net work done in this case is negative. If an object moves along the Earth with no change in distance toward or away from Earth’s center,...

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power

Power in Work and Motion

Power connects work with the time needed to do it. Work depends on force and displacement. The work-energy theorem also links net work on an object to the change in its kinetic energy between two points on its path. These ideas do not include time directly, but time still matters in many real situations. A sprinter is a clear example. Two runners may reach the same finish speed, so they do the same amount of work. The winner is the one who reaches that speed in less time. Power describes this...

power expended by a constant force

Power as the Rate of Doing Work

Power describes how fast work is done. In physics, two sprinters can cross the finish line with the same velocity and do the same amount of work, but the one who finishes first has greater power because the work takes less time. Average power is the work done during a time interval divided by that time interval. When the time interval becomes very small, this becomes instantaneous power. That gives the power at a specific moment instead of over a longer stretch of time. Power can also be...

key terms and concepts

Explore how mass and speed change kinetic energy, plus examples of mechanical, electrical, radiant, and thermal energy for high school science.

How Mass and Speed Affect Kinetic Energy | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

PS.Phy.6.1

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

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HS-PS3-1.

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SPS7.

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Work-energy Theorem

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Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

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Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

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Work Done by Many Forces

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Work Done by Gravity

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PS.PSc.7.3

Power

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Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may ...

Construct an explanation to infer the relationship between work and power, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

PS.PSc.7.4

Analyze energy transfers and transformations within a mechanical system.

How Mass and Speed Affect Kinetic Energy

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