Name: gravity and work on sloped motion
Uploaded: 2023-05-16T08:18:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 11 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

PS.PSc.7.3

Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

Представьте себе человека, спускающегося на лыжах по склону. Предполагая, что сила, возникающая из-за трения на лыжах, пренебрежимо мала на льду, можно построить диаграмму свободного тела.
Составляющая гравитационной силы вдоль смещения перемещает человека вперед. Силы, перпендикулярные смещению, не играют никакой роли в движении и, следовательно, не способствуют выполняемой работе.
Таким образом, выполняемая работа — это просто параллельная составляющая силы, умноженная на смещение.
Другой способ решить эту проблему — взять вектор силы, а не его составляющую. 
Здесь учитывается угол между силой и смещением. Обратите внимание, что итоговое выражение для выполненной работы одно и то же.
Однако, если смещение лыжника происходит в направлении, противоположном силе, так что она начинается и заканчивается в состоянии покоя, то выполняемая работа является отрицательной.
Если угол наклонной плоскости равен нулю, то сила перпендикулярна смещению, поэтому работа, совершаемая гравитационной силой на человека, становится равной нулю.

<ol>
	<li>Холлидей, Резник и Уокер (2014), Основы физики, 10-е издание, Wiley and Sons Inc.: раздел 7.3; страницы 156–157.</li>
</ol>

Работа, выполненная над наклонной плоскостью

Рамная модель центра масс упрощает описание работы, совершаемой над твёрдыми телами. Поскольку внутренние силы в жёстком теле не выполняют работу, их можно игнорировать, а внешние силы можно рассматривать в теореме об энергии и работе.

Работа, выполненная гравитацией при перемещении жёсткого тела или работа, выполненная противодействующей силой при перемещении жёсткого тела против гравитации, может быть вычислена с использованием рамной модели центра масс. Это линейный интеграл силы гравитации по пути, рассматривается положительным, если гравитация увеличивает его кинетическую энергию, и отрицательным, если работа выполняется против гравитации, чтобы поднять его, тем самым уменьшить его кинетическую энергию. В случае горизонтального движения, работа, выполняемая гравитацией или против неё, равна нулю. То есть изменение кинетической энергии тела, даже если оно ненулевое, полностью обусловлено другими силами.

Формулировка также верна, когда тело движется по наклонной плоскости. Единственное отличие состоит в том, что только компонента гравитации находится вдоль плоскости, и только эта компонента должна быть учтена при вычислении работы, выполняемой. Сила тяжести, перпендикулярная плоскости, не выполняет работу в любой точке во время перемещения.

Структура центра масс помогает легко описать работу, выполняемую над твердыми телами. Поскольку внутренние силы в твердом теле не работают, они могут быть ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Физика

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Work and Kinetic Energy

Работа и кинетическая энергия

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

gravity and work on sloped motion

Gravity and work on sloped motion can be described with the center-of-mass framework. For a rigid body, internal forces do no work, so they can be ignored. The work-energy theorem then uses only the external forces.

The work done by gravity depends on the path of the body’s center of mass. If gravity helps increase kinetic energy, the work is positive. If an object is lifted against gravity, the work is negative because kinetic energy decreases.

For horizontal motion, the work done by or against gravity is zero. In that case, any change in kinetic energy comes from other forces. The same idea applies to motion over an inclined plane.

On a slope, only the component of gravity parallel to the plane contributes to work. The force perpendicular to the plane does no work during the motion. That is the key difference from horizontal motion and other straight paths.

Gravity and Work on Sloped Motion

work

Work in Physics: Force and Motion

Work in physics connects force, motion, and energy transfer. Work is done when a force acts on an object and that object moves from one position to another. If there is no displacement, no work is done, even if a force is present. The amount of work depends on the force and the direction of motion. For a very small displacement, the work done is written as the dot product of force and displacement vectors. That means work depends on the size of the vectors and the angle between them. You can...

positive, negative, and zero work

How Force Direction Changes Work

Work in physics depends on the direction of a force and the way an object moves. Work is done when energy is transferred to an object. It happens when a force acts on a body that moves from one position to another. The work done by a force is defined as the integral of the force with respect to displacement along the path. Forces can change with position, and an object can move along different paths between the same two points. In vector form, the size of a force times the cosine of the angle...

energy

Energy Sources and Forms in Matter

Energy in matter comes from the Sun and changes form in many everyday processes. The universe is made of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. On Earth, many energy sources can be traced back to the Sun, which is the ultimate energy source. Plants capture light energy from the Sun during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. This stored energy can then be used in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which are fossilized...

types of potential energy

Potential Energy Examples in Everyday Physics

Potential energy is stored energy, and it appears in several everyday forms. It is also called energy at rest because it is ready to be used later. In physics, different systems can store energy in different ways. Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored by an object because of its position. An apple hanging from a tree is one clear example. Electrical potential energy is stored when electric charges attract or repel each other. Chemical potential energy is stored in the bonds...

types of kinetic energy

How Mass and Speed Affect Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy depends on an object’s mass and speed. A heavier object moving at the same speed has more kinetic energy than a lighter one. An object moving faster also has more kinetic energy when the mass stays the same. The transcript also describes several forms of kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is linked to the motion of an object. A bullet fired from a gun and water flowing down a dam are examples of mechanical energy. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges.

kinetic energy - i

Motion Energy in Collisions

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. It depends on how fast an object moves, not on the direction of its velocity. In classical mechanics, this idea helps explain how moving bodies affect other bodies during collisions. A classic example is a perfectly elastic, head-on collision between two identical bodies, with one body initially at rest. After the collision, the first body stops, and the second body moves away with the first body's original velocity. This same pattern can be seen in...

kinetic energy - ii

Kinetic Energy, Momentum, and Reference Frames

Kinetic energy depends on mass, speed, momentum, and the frame of reference. For a particle, it is one-half of the particle’s mass times the square of its speed. The same idea can also be written in terms of mass and momentum instead of mass and velocity. The units of kinetic energy are mass times speed-squared. These units match the units of work. Force times distance also gives the same units, so kinetic energy and work are measured in joules. That is why work and kinetic energy are two...

work-energy theorem

Work Done and Kinetic Energy

Work done by the net force is linked to an object's kinetic energy. In physics, the net force is the total force acting on an object. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. The work-energy theorem states that the work done by all forces on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy. This relationship is useful when acceleration is not constant. If the change in velocity is known, the theorem can still help calculate the work done by a force. It connects force, motion, and energy in a...

work and energy for variable forces

Variable Force Work via Graphs and Energy

Variable force work and energy can be found by using force-displacement graphs and the work-energy principle. When a force changes as an object moves, the calculation is more complex than for a constant force. Work is the product of force and displacement, and energy is the capacity of a system to do work. For a constant force, work is found by multiplying the force by the distance moved in the direction of the force. For a variable force, the work done is the area under the force-displacement...

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work-energy theorem for motion along a curve

work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Along Curved Paths

The work-energy theorem can be applied to motion along a curved path. A curved path can be treated as many tiny straight paths added together. On each small part, the force can be taken as constant, so the work-energy theorem can be used there. The total result comes from adding the work done along all of those small path segments. The net work is found with an integral, which adds the work from each infinitesimal path. The total change in kinetic energy is the sum of the changes along the way.

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work done over an inclined plane

Gravity and work on sloped motion can be described with the center-of-mass framework. For a rigid body, internal forces do no work, so they can be ignored. The work-energy theorem then uses only the external forces. The work done by gravity depends on the path of the body’s center of mass. If gravity helps increase kinetic energy, the work is positive. If an object is lifted against gravity, the work is negative because kinetic energy decreases. For horizontal motion, the work done by or...

work done by many forces

Calculating Work from Multiple Forces

Calculating work from multiple forces can be done in two ways, and both methods give the same result. One method finds the work done by each force first. The other method finds the net force by adding the force vectors first.

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work done by gravity

Gravity and Positive vs Negative Work

Gravity is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. On Earth, the force between an object and Earth is called gravity. Gravity does work on an object when it moves the object toward Earth’s center. In that case, the work done by gravity is positive. When an external force lifts an object away from Earth’s center, that force works against gravity. The net work done in this case is negative. If an object moves along the Earth with no change in distance toward or away from Earth’s center,...

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power

Power in Work and Motion

Power connects work with the time needed to do it. Work depends on force and displacement. The work-energy theorem also links net work on an object to the change in its kinetic energy between two points on its path. These ideas do not include time directly, but time still matters in many real situations. A sprinter is a clear example. Two runners may reach the same finish speed, so they do the same amount of work. The winner is the one who reaches that speed in less time. Power describes this...

power expended by a constant force

Power as the Rate of Doing Work

Power describes how fast work is done. In physics, two sprinters can cross the finish line with the same velocity and do the same amount of work, but the one who finishes first has greater power because the work takes less time. Average power is the work done during a time interval divided by that time interval. When the time interval becomes very small, this becomes instantaneous power. That gives the power at a specific moment instead of over a longer stretch of time. Power can also be...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gravity does work on a rigid body moving over an inclined plane, why only the parallel force matters, and when gravity does no work.

Gravity and Work on Sloped Motion | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

PS.Phy.6.2

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Forces, Momentum And Motion

Forces in two dimensions

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

PHYS.PS2.4

PHYS.PS3.6

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.P.2.3.b

9-12.P.2.3.c

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

Use models to explain thermal energy and its transfer.

PS.PSc.7.1

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14702.jpg

Conservative Forces

According to the law of conservation of energy, any transition between kinetic and potential energy conserves the total energy of the system. Hence, the ...

Non-conservative Forces

Non-conservative forces are dissipative forces such as friction or air resistance. These forces take energy away from a system as it progresses. Unlike ...

Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the Law of Conservation of Energy in a mechanical system in terms of kinetic and potential energy.

PS.PSc.7.2

Work

Work is done when energy is transferred from one object to another. In other words, work is when a force acts on something that undergoes a displacement ...

Positive, Negative, and Zero Work

Work is done on an object when energy is transferred to the object. In other words, work is done when a force acts on a body that undergoes a displacement ...

Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared ...

Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

The work-energy theorem can be generalized to the motion of a particle along any curved path. The simple argument here is that the curved path can be ...

The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ...

Work Done by Many Forces

The total work done on an object acted upon by multiple forces can be computed using two methods that give the same result. In one method, the work done ...

Work Done by Gravity

Gravitation is one of the four fundamental forces in nature. The force between objects on Earth and Earth itself is called gravity.
Like other forces, ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain work in terms of the relationship among the applied force to an object, the resulting displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to an object.

Power

The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its ...

Power Expended by a Constant Force

The relationship between work done and the time taken to do it can be explained using the concept of power. For example, several sprinters in a race may ...

Construct an explanation to infer the relationship between work and power, both quantitatively and qualitatively.

PS.PSc.7.4

Analyze energy transfers and transformations within a mechanical system.

Gravity and Work on Sloped Motion

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