Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Существует четыре типа ветряных турбин. Типы 1 и 2 представляют собой модели индукционных машин, в которых обмотки статора индуцируют переменные токи ротора за счет относительного движения между магнитным полем и ротором.
Разница между синхронной скоростью и скоростью ротора на единицу измеряется как проскальзывание.
Эта модель включает эквивалентное напряжение за сопротивлением статора и переходное реактивное сопротивление.
Начальные условия устойчивости переходных процессов определяются путем установки двух дифференциальных уравнений в ноль и использования потока мощности, реальной мощности и напряжения на клемме в качестве входных данных.
Производимая отрицательная реактивная мощность указывает на потребляемую мощность индукционными машинами.
Турбины типа 1 оснащены ротором с короткозамкнутым ротором с фиксированным сопротивлением, в то время как в турбинах типа 2 используются индукционные машины с фазированным ротором и системой управления для регулировки сопротивления ротора.
В ветряных турбинах типа 3, также известных как асинхронные генераторы с двойной подачей, используются индукционные машины с фазным ротором.
Обмотки ротора подключаются к сети переменного тока через преобразователь переменного тока в постоянный ток, что позволяет раздельно управлять реальной и реактивной мощностью.
Турбины типа 4 имеют полностью асинхронную конструкцию, в которой выход машины подключается к сети переменного тока через преобразователь переменного тока-постоянного тока.

Устойчивость в переходном режиме и управление системой

В развивающейся области ветроэнергетики включение моделей ветровых турбин в анализ переходной устойчивости имеет важное значение. В качестве основных моделей используются индукционные и синхронные машины, причём индукционные машины преобладают из-за своей простоты и надёжности.

Асинхронные машины взаимодействуют посредством вращающегося магнитного поля, создаваемого статором и ротором. Ключевым параметром является скольжение, которое представляет собой разницу между синхронной скоростью и скоростью ротора относительно синхронной скорости. Скольжение равно нулю при синхронной скорости, положительно при движении и отрицательно при генерации. Механическая динамика включает в себя постоянную инерции (H) и разницу крутящего момента (T_m−T_e). 

Упрощенная электрическая модель для одноклеточной индукционной машины представляет эквивалентное напряжение за сопротивлением статора и переходным реактивным сопротивлением. Ключевые параметры включают постоянную времени разомкнутой цепи для ротора и синхронное реактивное сопротивление, полученное из реактивного сопротивления утечки и реактивного сопротивления намагничивания.

Электрический крутящий момент и активная мощность на клеммах определяются внутренними напряжениями и токами машины. Индукционные машины обычно потребляют реактивную мощность, которая обозначается отрицательным значением.

Модели ветряных турбин бывают четырех различных типов:

Тип 1 и Тип 2: Эти модели используют индукционные генераторы. Тип 1 имеет фиксированное сопротивление ротора, тогда как Тип 2 использует переменное сопротивление ротора для лучшего управления, влияя на постоянную времени машины и выходную мощность.

Тип 3 и Тип 4: Эти усовершенствованные модели (асинхронные генераторы с двойным питанием и системы полного преобразователя) позволяют контролировать как активную, так и реактивную мощность. Тип 3 использует преобразователи для управления током ротора, обеспечивая широкий диапазон скоростей. Тип 4 отсоединяет генератор от сети, предлагая гибкое управление и устраняя механическую связь с динамикой турбины.

Понимание моделей ветровых турбин включает анализ взаимодействия электрических и механических компонентов для точного анализа устойчивости.

Существует четыре типа ветряных турбин. Типы 1 и 2 представляют собой модели индукционных машин, в которых обмотки статора индуцируют токи ротора переменного тока за счет относительного движения ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Электротехника

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Переходная устойчивость и системы управления

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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