Name: wood structure and uses in building
Uploaded: 2024-09-12T16:16:32.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

Деревья, источник древесины, имеют ствол, покрытый защитным слоем из мертвой коры.
Под отмершей наружной корой находится живая кора. Далее идет камбий, затем густая заболонь, которая по мере старения становится сердцевиной. Сердцевина находится в сердцевине ствола.
Возраст дерева можно определить, подсчитав концентрические полосы, называемые годичными кольцами в стволе дерева.
Удлиненные, трубчатые ячейки, выровненные по длине ствола, определяют текстуру древесины. Древесина может воспринимать большую нагрузку в направлении волокон, чем в направлении, перпендикулярном волокнам.
Древесина заготавливается из деревьев в виде длинных цилиндрических бревен, которые транспортируются на лесопилки для распила.
Бревна обычно распиливаются на доски и плиты на мельницах и выдерживаются перед использованием.
Древесина, особенно в виде пиломатериалов и древесины, является одним из самых известных строительных материалов.
Двери, окна, полы, колонны, балки и лестничные перила изготовлены из дерева.
Кроме того, древесина используется для производства фанеры, ДСП и ДВП.

Введение в древесину

Introduction to Wood

Древесина, получаемая из деревьев, является универсальным и широко используемым строительным материалом. Ствол деревьев окружен защитным слоем мертвой коры. Под этим внешним слоем находится живая кора, за которой следует камбий, а затем заболонь, которая по мере созревания переходит в ядро. В центре ствола находится сердцевина. Возраст дерева можно определить, изучив его годичные кольца, которые представляют собой концентрические кольца, видимые на поперечном сечении ствола.

На структурную целостность древесины влияет ее волокно — удлиненные трубчатые клетки, выровненные по длине ствола, что позволяет ей выдерживать большие нагрузки вдоль направления волокон по сравнению с нагрузками, перпендикулярными волокнам.

Древесина поставляется в виде больших цилиндрических бревен и транспортируется на заводы, где из нее делают доски и горбыли. Перед использованием в строительстве древесину обычно выдерживают для снижения содержания влаги и повышения прочности.

Древесина используется в качестве пиломатериала или бруса в строительстве и является неотъемлемой частью производства различных структурных элементов и приспособлений, включая двери, окна, полы, кровлю, колонны, балки и лестничные перила. Она также используется в производстве мебели и строительных лесов. Помимо цельной древесины, её отходы служат базовым материалом для производства фанеры, ДСП и ДВП.

Деревья, источник древесины, имеют ствол, покрытый защитным слоем из мертвой коры.
Под отмершей наружной корой находится живая кора. Далее идет камбий, затем...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Wood

Дерево

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

wood structure and uses in building

Wood is a construction material made from trees. A tree trunk has several layers. The outside is a protective layer of dead bark. Under that is living bark, then the cambium, then sapwood. As sapwood matures, it becomes heartwood. The pith sits at the center of the trunk.

The age of a tree can be read from its growth rings. These rings are concentric bands seen in a trunk cross-section. Wood strength also depends on grain. Grain refers to elongated, tubular cells that run along the length of the trunk. Wood can carry greater loads along the grain than across it.

Wood is usually cut as large cylindrical logs and sent to mills. There, it is turned into boards and slabs. Before construction use, wood is often seasoned. Seasoning lowers moisture content and helps improve durability.

In building, wood is used as lumber or timber. It is important for doors, windows, flooring, roofing, columns, beams, and stair railings. It is also used to make furniture and scaffolding. Wood is also a base material for plywood, particleboard, and hardboard.

Wood Structure and Uses in Building

introduction to wood

Wood is a construction material made from trees. A tree trunk has several layers. The outside is a protective layer of dead bark. Under that is living bark, then the cambium, then sapwood. As sapwood matures, it becomes heartwood. The pith sits at the center of the trunk. The age of a tree can be read from its growth rings. These rings are concentric bands seen in a trunk cross-section. Wood strength also depends on grain. Grain refers to elongated, tubular cells that run along the length of...

softwoods and hardwoods

Wood Grain in Softwoods and Hardwoods

Softwoods and hardwoods come from different kinds of trees, and their leaf structures and cell makeup help explain how they are used. Softwoods come from cone-bearing trees with needle-like leaves. Hardwoods usually come from trees that shed broad leaves seasonally. Softwoods are made mostly of long cells called tracheids and a smaller number of rays, which are radial cells. This simpler structure gives softwoods a rougher grain. Because of this, they are often used in construction for...

lumber

Lumber Cutting Methods

Lumber is made from logs that are harvested, debarked, and processed into long pieces with a rectangular cross-section. The process starts when an automated saw slices a log into slabs. Those slabs then move on a conveyor belt to smaller saws, where they are cut into square-edged pieces of specific widths. Freshly cut lumber usually has rough surfaces. Its dimensions may also vary slightly from one end to the other. The way wood is cut affects both the lumber’s appearance and how it is used. <br...

structural properties and dimensions of lumber

structural-properties-and-dimensions-of-lumber

Wood Strength Tests and Lumber Sizes

Wood strength depends on how its fibers are aligned along the length of the tree. This alignment gives wood much greater tensile strength along the grain than across it, sometimes up to twenty times higher. Wood also tends to perform better under compression than under tension. Fiber length varies by wood type. Hardwoods have fibers about one twenty-fifth of an inch long. Softwoods have longer fibers that range from one-eighth to one-third of an inch. Laboratory tests help measure how wood...

seasoning of wood

Wood Drying for Stronger Construction

Seasoning of wood is the drying process used to lower and stabilize moisture content before wood is used in construction. Fresh wood can swell when it takes in moisture and contract as it dries. Seasoning helps reduce that movement so the wood stays more stable after it is built into a structure. The main goal is to reach equilibrium moisture content. This is the point where the wood’s moisture level matches the moisture in the surrounding environment. When wood is seasoned properly, it is...

wood surfacing

Wood Surfacing for Smooth, Safe Lumber

Wood surfacing smooths lumber, improves its size accuracy, and makes it safer to handle. It is a key finishing step in woodworking and construction. The process also helps correct small distortions that can form as wood dries. Before surfacing, the wood may be sized slightly larger to account for shrinkage during seasoning, which is the drying stage. A plane, a tool with rotating blades, is used to remove material and smooth the surface. The same tool can also round the edges a little, which...

lumber defects

Common Wood Flaws in Lumber

Lumber defects are flaws in wood that can change both its appearance and its strength. These defects come from tree growth and from the way lumber is processed. Knowing the main defects helps explain why some boards are better for construction and manufacturing than others. Some defects begin in the tree itself. Knots form where branches were once attached to the trunk, and knotholes appear when those knots fall out. Decay and insect damage are also natural defects that can weaken wood and...

wood fasteners

Wood Fastener Types and Uses

Wood fasteners connect parts of a wood structure and help keep members in place. The strength of the connection depends mainly on direct bearing between the wood members. Different fasteners are chosen for different jobs and structural needs. Nails are the most common wood fasteners. They are sharp-pointed metal pins that are driven into wood with a hammer or a mechanical nail gun. Nails come in many diameters, head styles, and lengths. Nailing methods also matter. Face nailing places the...

veneer

How Veneer Is Cut and Used

Veneer is a thin sheet of wood that is usually about one-eighth of an inch thick or less. It is made to show the look of wood while using timber more efficiently. Veneer is common in furniture and other finished wood products. One common way to make veneer is rotary cutting. In this method, a log is mounted in a large lathe and spun against a knife edge. As the knife moves deeper into the turning log, it peels off a continuous strip of wood. This creates rotary-cut veneer. Other veneer...

wood products

Engineered Wood Products in Construction

Engineered wood products are made from wood strands, veneers, lumber, and even waste wood shreds. They are used in both structural and nonstructural building applications. These materials are designed to improve strength, durability, and versatility in modern construction. Glue-laminated wood, or glulam, is made by bonding several smaller pieces of dimensional lumber with adhesive. Cross-laminated timber uses solid lumber panels with layers placed so the grain direction alternates. This layer...

wood panel products

Types of Wood Panels in Construction

Wood panels are common construction materials used for flooring, siding, and roofing. They usually come in standard 4-foot by 8-foot sheets. Their thickness can range from one-quarter of an inch to one and one-eighth inches. Plywood is one of the most familiar wood panels. It is made by gluing thin wood veneers, or layers, under pressure. The outer veneer grain runs lengthwise, while the inner layers run widthwise. Plywood also has an odd number of layers, which helps keep the panel...

key terms and concepts

Explore how tree layers, growth rings, grain, and seasoning affect wood. Learn how logs become lumber used in buildings, furniture, and panels.

Wood Structure and Uses in Building | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Wood Structure and Uses in Building

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