Name: titration curves and ph changes
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:19.000Z
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.6.3

Acid&#8211;Base Titration: Overview

Кислотно-основное титрование может быть выполнено для определения неизвестной концентрации кислоты с использованием известной концентрации основания или наоборот. 
При титровании кислоты с основанием титрант постепенно добавляют к кислоте, повышая рН. Изменение pH строится в зависимости от объема основания для создания кривой титрования или pH.
Кривые титрования имеют S-образную форму, хотя существуют различия в зависимости от того, является ли кислота сильной или слабой.
pH в начале титрования будет кислым, но выше для слабой кислоты, при условии равных начальных концентраций кислоты.
Точка эквивалентности — это точка на кривой титрования, в которой моли основания равны молям кислоты в растворе.
В случае сильной кислоты точка эквивалентности достигается, когда сильное основание нейтрализует все ионы гидроксония, производимые сильной кислотой, поэтому это всегда происходит при рН 7.
Напротив, точка эквивалентности слабой кислоты возникает при pH больше 7 и достигается, когда вся слабая кислота превращается в ее сопряженное основание.
Вблизи точки эквивалентности происходит резкий скачок pH раствора. Однако при слабом кислотном титровании этот быстрый сдвиг pH не такой резкий, как при сильном кислотном титровании.

Конфликт интересов не декларируется.

Кривые кислотно-основного титрования

Кислотно-основное титрование — это метод, используемый для определения концентрации неизвестной кислоты или основания с использованием титранта известной концентрации — либо основания для титрования кислоты, либо кислоты для титрования основания. Процесс включает постепенное добавление титранта, что приводит к предсказуемому изменению pH раствора. Это изменение отображается на кривой титрования, показывающей, как изменяется pH раствора в зависимости от количества добавленного титранта. Такие кривые помогают отслеживать ход титрования и определять конечную точку.

Кривые титрования могут быть построены в различных сочетаниях: между сильными кислотами и сильными основаниями, сильными кислотами и слабыми основаниями или слабыми кислотами и сильными основаниями. Эти кривые обычно имеют S-образную форму, но их конкретные характеристики варьируются в зависимости от силы кислоты или основания. Для сильных кислот, нейтрализуемых сильными основаниями, точка эквивалентности, где моли кислоты равны молям основания, достигается при pH 7, что указывает на полную нейтрализацию. В случае слабых кислот эта точка эквивалентности возникает при pH выше 7, что отражает превращение слабой кислоты в сопряженное ей основание. pH изменяется более существенно вблизи точки эквивалентности при титровании сильной кислоты по сравнению с титрованием слабой кислоты. В последнем также имеется буферная область и точка полуэквивалентности, при которой рН равен рКа кислоты. Концентрации слабой кислоты и сопряженного с ней основания равны - с другой стороны, титрование сильных или слабых оснований сильной кислотой приводит к образованию перевернутой S-образной кривой, начинающейся с более высокого pH и уменьшающейся с добавлением сильной кислоты.

Кислотно-основное титрование может быть выполнено для определения неизвестной концентрации кислоты с использованием известной концентрации основания или наоборот.
Когда...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Аналитическая химия

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Acid–Base Titration

Кислотно-основное титрование

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

titration curves and ph changes

Acid-base titration uses a known acid or base to find the concentration of an unknown solution. A base can titrate an acid, or an acid can titrate a base. As titrant is added little by little, the pH changes in a predictable way.

The pH change is shown on a titration curve. A titration curve plots how the pH of the solution changes as more titrant is added. Scientists use this curve to follow the progress of the titration and to identify the endpoint, which is the point used to stop the process.

Titration curves can show several acid-base pairs. They may compare strong acid with strong base, strong acid with weak base, or weak acid with strong base. These curves usually have an S-shape, but the exact shape depends on whether the acid or base is strong or weak.

For a strong acid titrated with a strong base, the equivalence point is reached at pH 7. The equivalence point is where the moles of acid equal the moles of base, so the acid and base are completely neutralized. With a weak acid, the equivalence point is above pH 7 because the weak acid becomes its conjugate base.

The pH changes more sharply near the equivalence point in a strong acid titration than in a weak acid titration. Weak acid titrations also have a buffer region and a half-equivalence point. At the half-equivalence point, the pH equals the pKa of the acid, and the weak acid and its conjugate base have equal concentrations.

When a strong acid is used to titrate a strong base or a weak base, the curve is inverted. It starts at a higher pH and drops as more strong acid is added. This makes the titration curve a useful guide for tracking how the solution responds during the titration.

Titration Curves and pH Changes

acid&#8211;base titration: overview

Acid-base titration uses a known acid or base to find the concentration of an unknown solution. A base can titrate an acid, or an acid can titrate a base. As titrant is added little by little, the pH changes in a predictable way. The pH change is shown on a titration curve. A titration curve plots how the pH of the solution changes as more titrant is added. Scientists use this curve to follow the progress of the titration and to identify the endpoint, which is the point used to stop the...

titration of a strong acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-strong-acid-with-a-strong-base

pH Changes in Strong Acid-Base Titration

pH changes in a strong acid-strong base titration depend on the amount of leftover hydronium or hydroxide ions. A strong acid such as hydrochloric acid fully dissociates in water. That gives the solution hydronium ions and chloride ions, so the starting pH is low. When sodium hydroxide is added, it neutralizes hydronium ions. As more base is added, the concentration of hydronium ions falls and the pH rises. At the equivalence point, the hydronium ions have been neutralized and the solution is...

titration of a weak acid with a strong base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-strong-base

Weak Acid Titration Curve and pH Stages

Weak acid titration with a strong base changes pH in clear stages. The acid in this example is acetic acid, and the base is sodium hydroxide. Each stage uses a different pH calculation method. At the start, the pH of the weak acid is found with its dissociation constant, Ka, and an ICE table. An ICE table tracks the initial, change, and equilibrium amounts of the acid. This step describes the acid before much base is added. As sodium hydroxide is added, a buffer forms. A buffer is a solution...

titration of a weak base with a strong acid

titration-of-a-weak-base-with-a-strong-acid

Ammonia Titration Curve with HCl

Ammonia titration with hydrochloric acid shows how a weak base behaves as acid is added. The curve is the mirror image of a weak acid titrated with a strong base. In this case, ammonia acts as the weak base, and hydrochloric acid acts as the strong acid. The starting pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia is found with an ICE table and the Kb value. That calculation gives an initial pH of 11.11. As hydrochloric acid is added, the pH begins to fall. After 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is added, the...

titration of a weak acid with a weak base

titration-of-a-weak-acid-with-a-weak-base

Finding the Endpoint in Weak Acid–Base Titration

Weak acid and weak base titration is used to follow how pH changes as base is added. In this kind of titration, both the acid and the base dissociate only partly. The titration curve shows a slow, gradual pH change instead of a sharp jump. A common example is the titration of acetic acid with ammonia. During the reaction, these two species form ammonium acetate and water. Because the pH changes so gradually, there is no simple indicator that shifts color sharply at the equivalence point. One...

solution composition during acid/base titrations

solution-composition-during-acidbase-titrations

Acetic Acid Buffer Changes in Titration

Acetic acid buffer changes during a weak acid–strong base titration. When acetic acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the reaction forms water and the conjugate base of the acid, sodium acetate. The mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as a buffer, which helps show how solution makeup shifts during the titration. The relative amounts of acetic acid and acetate ions are tracked with α values. Here, α0 represents the equilibrium concentration of acetic acid, and α1 represents the...

mixtures of acids

Finding pH in Acid Mixtures

Finding pH in acid mixtures depends on the acids present and their dissociation constants. When a solution contains two acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that matches their relative strengths. The key idea is that the stronger acid often controls the hydronium ion level, which is the amount of H3O+ in solution. In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely. It becomes the main source of hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid...

titration in nonaqueous solvents

Nonaqueous Solvents for Sharper Titration Endpoints

Nonaqueous solvents can make acid-base titrations easier to read by giving sharper endpoints. Most acid-base titrations are done in water, but water can compete with weak acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance. That competition can blur the titration curve and make the endpoint less clear. Water also changes the partial ionization of weak acids and bases. For example, water can accept a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion is a stronger acid...

titration of polyprotic base with a strong acid

titration-of-polyprotic-base-with-a-strong-acid

Carbonate Buffering in Acid Titration

The titration of sodium carbonate with hydrochloric acid shows how a polyprotic base reacts in stages. A polyprotic base can accept more than one proton, so its titration curve has two equivalence points. These points mark where one form has been fully changed into the next. At the first equivalence point, carbonate ions are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The region before this point is the carbonate/bicarbonate buffer. In this buffer region, both forms are present in the solution. <br...

titration of polyprotic acids with a strong base

titration-of-polyprotic-acids-with-a-strong-base

Polyprotic Acid Titration Curve Features

Polyprotic acid titration curves show how acids with more than one ionizable proton react with a strong base. Each proton is released in a separate step. Each step has its own dissociation constant, or Ka, and each later Ka is weaker than the one before it. When a polyprotic acid such as sulfurous acid is titrated with sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the first ionizable proton. This forms an intermediate species, such as hydrogen sulfite ions. The first part of the curve looks...

composition of polyprotic acid solutions as a function of ph

composition-of-polyprotic-acid-solutions-as-a-function-of-ph

Polyprotic Acid Titration Fractions at Each pH

Polyprotic acid titration shows how the main species in solution change as pH changes. In a compound of the form H2M, there are two ionizable protons. That means the titration with a base produces two equivalence points on the curve. As base is added, three species can be present in the solution: H2M, HM−, and M2−. Their amounts are shown as fractions called α0, α1, and α2. These alpha values track how much of each form is present at different stages of the titration. At the start of the...

buffers: overview

Buffers and pH Stability

Buffers help keep the pH of a solution stable when small amounts of acid or base are added. They are made from a weak acid and its conjugate base, or from a weak base and its conjugate acid. This balance lets the solution resist large pH changes until the buffer capacity is exceeded. One common buffer uses acetic acid and sodium acetate. Here, CH3COOH acts as the weak acid and CH3COONa provides its salt. Another buffer uses ammonia and ammonium chloride, written as NH3 and NH4Cl. These...

buffers: buffer capacity

Buffer Capacity and pH Resistance

Buffer capacity describes how well a buffer resists changes in pH. It is a quantitative measure, so it tells how much acid or base a one-liter buffer solution can take before its pH shifts by 1 unit. In the equation, beta is the buffer capacity, while Ca and Cb represent the moles of acid and base added. The term dpH means the change in pH. A graph of pH versus the moles of base added to a weak acid with a pKa of 5 shows how buffering works as more base is added. Taking the derivative of that...

leveling effect

How Solvents Limit Acid and Base Strength

The leveling effect explains how a solvent can limit acid and base strength in solution. In acid-base chemistry, the solvent sets a ceiling on how strong an acid or base can act. Stronger acids or bases may react with the solvent itself instead of with the intended compound. When a base is stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent, it deprotonates the solvent first. A conjugate base is the species left after an acid loses a proton. This reaction keeps going until the stronger base is...

key terms and concepts

Learn how acid-base titration curves track pH changes, show equivalence points, and reveal strong and weak acid-base behavior in high school chemistry.

Titration Curves and pH Changes | JoVE K12

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.

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The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Electron Affinity

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Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.

PS.Chm.2.2

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Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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The Born-Haber Cycle

Lattice Energy&#xA0;

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Resonance

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Formal Charges

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Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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	...

Bond Energies and Bond Lengths

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Titration Curves and pH Changes

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