Name: hydrostatic pressure and fluid depth
Uploaded: 2025-02-13T15:43:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 11 s
Channel: JoVE

Рассмотрим небольшой элемент жидкости в состоянии покоя. Ускорение жидкости равно нулю, и общее уравнение движения соответственно упрощается.
В этих условиях только вертикальная составляющая имеет силу, действующую на жидкость.
Если давление на разных уровнях жидкости изменяется, интегрирование вертикальных составляющих силы дает разницу давлений между двумя уровнями.
Если расстояние между двумя уровнями равно h, то разница давлений может быть выражена в терминах h.
Здесь h называется напором давления, который указывает на давление в нижней точке из-за жидкости в области между нижней и верхней точками.
Если предположить, что верхняя точка отсчета — это поверхность воды, то давление на поверхности часто является атмосферным.
Тогда давление на любой глубине h ниже поверхности жидкости выражается в терминах атмосферного давления.
Это указывает на то, что для жидкости в состоянии покоя давление в любой точке под поверхностью зависит от глубины и атмосферного давления, действующего на поверхность.

Изменение давления в текучем веществе в состоянии покоя

В покоящемся текучем веществе давление в любой точке ниже поверхности зависит исключительно от глубины, а не от формы или размера контейнера. Этот принцип, известный как гидростатическое давление, возникает из-за того, что в неподвижных текучих веществах нет ускорения, то есть силы внутри жидкости уравновешиваются. Только вертикальные силы, вызванные весом жидкости или газа выше, способствуют изменению давления с глубиной.

 При измерении давления на двух разных уровнях внутри жидкости разница в давлении обусловлена ​​весом жидкости между этими точками. Эту разницу можно выразить в терминах напора — концепции, которая связывает глубину жидкости с оказываемым ею давлением. Напор прямо пропорционален вертикальному расстоянию или глубине между двумя точками. Чем глубже точка внутри жидкости, тем больше давление из-за веса жидкости над ней.

 Если поверхность жидкости является точкой отсчета, где давление часто равно атмосферному, то давление на любой глубине под поверхностью равно атмосферному давлению плюс дополнительное давление, оказываемое жидкостью над этой точкой. Эта взаимосвязь лежит в основе многих практических приложений, таких как понимание подводного давления, определение давления воды в резервуарах и проектирование конструкций, способных противостоять силам, действующим в жидкости.

Рассмотрим небольшой элемент жидкости в состоянии покоя. Ускорение жидкости равно нулю, и общее уравнение движения соответственно упрощается.
В этих условиях...

Education

JoVE Core

Civil Engineering

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Fluid Statics

Гидростатика

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest

hydrostatic pressure and fluid depth

Hydrostatic pressure describes how pressure changes with depth in a fluid at rest. In a stationary fluid, the fluid acceleration is zero, so the forces inside the fluid balance. That means pressure at a point below the surface depends on depth, not on the container’s shape or size.

Only vertical forces affect the pressure change in this situation. These forces come from the weight of the fluid above a point. When pressure is compared at two different levels, the difference in pressure equals the weight of the fluid between those points.

This pressure difference is often described using pressure head. Pressure head is the vertical distance, or depth, between two points in the fluid. It shows that pressure is directly proportional to depth. The deeper the point, the greater the pressure from the fluid above it.

If the fluid surface is used as the reference point, the pressure there is often atmospheric pressure. The pressure at any depth below that surface equals atmospheric pressure plus the extra pressure from the fluid above. This relationship helps explain underwater pressure, water pressure in tanks, and the forces that fluid can place on structures.

Hydrostatic Pressure and Fluid Depth

concept of pressure at a point

Fluid Pressure at One Point

Fluid pressure at one point is the focus of this lesson. It shows that pressure in a fluid is the same in every direction at a single location. This happens because fluid molecules move randomly and collide with nearby molecules in a balanced way. At a given point, the pressure depends on the surrounding fluid molecules. It is affected by depth and density, not by the shape of the container or the way the fluid is oriented. In a fluid at rest, the pressure acts equally in all directions...

basic equation for pressure field

Pressure Balance in a Fluid Element

The pressure field equation describes how forces stay balanced inside a small fluid element. In fluid mechanics, this balance helps explain how pressure changes from one place to another within a fluid. Two main force types act on a fluid segment: surface forces and body forces. Surface forces come from pressure differences across nearby points in the fluid, so they depend on the local pressure gradient, which is the rate of pressure change with position. Body forces are spread through the...

pressure variation in a fluid at rest

Hydrostatic pressure describes how pressure changes with depth in a fluid at rest. In a stationary fluid, the fluid acceleration is zero, so the forces inside the fluid balance. That means pressure at a point below the surface depends on depth, not on the container’s shape or size. Only vertical forces affect the pressure change in this situation. These forces come from the weight of the fluid above a point. When pressure is compared at two different levels, the difference in pressure equals...

measurement of fluid pressure

Manometers and Gauges for Fluid Pressure

Fluid pressure is measured with manometers and related gauges. These tools use a liquid column to show pressure differences. The height of the column gives a simple reading of the force the fluid exerts. A basic manometer is the piezometer. It is a vertical tube that is open at the top and filled with the same fluid being measured. When the tube connects to a container, the fluid height in the tube matches the pressure inside that container. For more detailed measurements, the U-tube...

hydrostatic pressure force on a plane surface

hydrostatic-pressure-force-on-a-plane-surface

Hydrostatic Pressure on Submerged Surfaces

Hydrostatic pressure creates force on submerged plane surfaces. The force depends on the fluid pressure and the area of the surface. The way that force acts changes with the surface position. For a horizontal surface, the depth stays the same across the whole area. That means the pressure is uniform. The resultant force equals the pressure at that depth multiplied by the surface area, and it acts through the centroid of the surface. For a vertical surface, pressure increases as depth...

hydrostatic pressure force on a curved surface

hydrostatic-pressure-force-on-a-curved-surface

Finding the Force on Curved Fluid Surfaces

Hydrostatic pressure on curved surfaces is an important idea in fluid mechanics. It helps explain how water pushes on curved structures in civil engineering. Examples include reservoirs, dams, and storage tanks. The pressure changes in both size and direction along the curve. To find the total hydrostatic force on a curved surface, engineers isolate the fluid volume next to that surface. They then study the forces on imaginary horizontal and vertical planes that cut through the volume. The...

buoyancy and stability for submerged and floating bodies

buoyancy-and-stability-for-submerged-and-floating-bodies

How Buoyancy Keeps Bodies Stable in Water

Buoyancy and stability explain how submerged and floating bodies behave in a fluid. When a body is fully or partly under water and stays still, the fluid pushes upward on it. That upward push is called the buoyant force. The buoyant force acts through the center of buoyancy. This is the center of the displaced fluid volume. Archimedes’ principle says the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Stability describes whether a body can return to its original position...

design example: application of archimedes' principle

design-example-application-of-archimedes-principle

Floating Block Buoyancy and Center of Buoyancy

Archimedes' principle is used to analyze the buoyant force on a wooden block that floats in seawater. The block has a rectangular section, and its dimensions, specific gravity, and the specific weight of seawater are used in the calculation. This setup shows how floating bodies stay in equilibrium. The first step is to find the weight of the block from its volume and specific gravity. Then Archimedes' principle is applied. The weight of the displaced water must equal the weight of the block.

key terms and concepts

Learn how hydrostatic pressure changes with depth in a fluid at rest, why container shape does not matter, and how pressure head links depth to pressure.

Hydrostatic Pressure and Fluid Depth | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Civil Engineering provides a foundational exploration of essential construction materials in civil engineering, focusing on bricks, stones, steel, wood, and concrete through easy-to-understand animated videos. This collection covers the properties, manufacturing processes, and practical applications of these materials. Additionally, the accompanied science-in-action videos demonstrate the research experiments performed in laboratories.

civil engineering

Hydrostatic Pressure and Fluid Depth

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