Name: hawk-dove strategy and cooperation
Uploaded: 2019-01-29T11:04:46.000Z
Duration: 7 min 33 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

Group Behavior

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="0.0">The Hawk-Dove Game
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="177">Cheating and Cooperation Exercise
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="341">Results
</a></li></ul>

group behavior

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">The Hawk-Dove Game
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">NOTE: In this activity, you will play the hawk and dove game with a single partner and then with multiple partners to observe hypothetical costs and benefits of the antagonist or cooperative behavior respectively. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Before the activity starts, review the cost-benefit table so that you understand how to score the game. <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/33/Table_1_Group_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 1</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">HYPOTHESES: The experimental hypothesis for this exercise could be that the dove strategy will become more frequent between repeated partners, and the hawk strategy will become more frequent when interactions are with a variety of partners. The null hypothesis could be that there will be no change in strategy over time with repeat or different partner combinations. NOTE: Benefit can be determined by looking at the left column and choosing the row that corresponds to the card you played. The box that corresponds to the choice of your partner can be found in the top row. For the purposes of this game, B equals four and C equals three. So depending on the cards played, player one here, which is you, would gain a score of two, four, zero or one half. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Collect a set of two game cards. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Take out the cards labeled hawk and dove and place them face down on the table or conceal them in your hands. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">When the instructor gives the signal show either of the two cards to the student sitting across from you. Try to strategize how to receive the highest benefit from every interaction on your own but do not communicate with your partner. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">In the Single Partner Recording Table (Table 2) provided by your instructor, note the cards played as well as the benefit you received for that round.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Repeat showing cards to the same partner and determining benefit on your instructor&#39;s signal for a total of 15 rounds.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">At the end of those rounds, the student with the highest total benefit value was determined to be the &#8220;winner&#8221;, or the most fit.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-10"><div class="lab-step">As a class, determine the percentages of hawks and doves played as well as the average benefit received for each round, using this formula: Class average benefit=(sum total benefit)/(number of players)
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-11"><div class="lab-step">For the second game, and then for each round of play, one row of students should rotate to their right, leaving all players with a new partner.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-12"><div class="lab-step">Continue playing for 15 rounds or until students end up back in their starting positions, recording the data in the Multiple Partner Recording Table (Table 3) given to you by your instructor.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-13"><div class="lab-step">For each round, determine the percentages of hawks and doves played that round, as well as the average benefit received.
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="2" data-parent-collapse="">Cheating and Cooperation Exercise
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="2-1"><div class="lab-step">NOTE: In this activity, you will exchange benefits, represented by colored or similar items, with your classmates. In this simulation, a cheater is defined as a person who gives fewer benefits than they receive. During this activity, you will observe the frequency of cheating behavior over time. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-2"><div class="lab-step">HYPOTHESES: The experimental hypothesis is that cheaters will receive fewer benefits over time and cooperators will continue to provide equal benefits to one another. The null hypothesis is that the frequency of cheaters and cooperators does not change over time. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-3"><div class="lab-step">Each person should collect beads of one color to represent a tangible benefit, as well as one paper bag and a three-ring binder.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-4"><div class="lab-step">Get into a group of three so that all members have objects of the same color.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-5"><div class="lab-step">Now find another group with a different color to pair with. In each round, partners will exchange benefits without knowing what they are receiving from their partner and without discussion within their group.  NOTE: Benefits of a different color from your starting color are worth twice as much.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-6"><div class="lab-step">Turn face to face with a member from the other group while still being able to conceal the objects in your possession.  TIP:<strong> </strong>Setting up a screen using a notebook or sitting behind a desk can be helpful here.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-7"><div class="lab-step">When given a signal from the instructor, place zero to two benefits into the paper bag and pass it to your partner.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-8"><div class="lab-step">Simultaneously, receive the bag from your partner and then remove the benefits from the bag.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-9"><div class="lab-step">Make a note of how many benefits you gave away and how many you received in the Cheating and Cooperation Table (Table 4) provided by your instructor.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-10"><div class="lab-step">Turn to a new member from the other group and repeat the exchange.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-11"><div class="lab-step">Rotate through all of the members of the other group for as many rounds as the instructor determines - which will not be revealed until the game ends so as not to alter player behavior.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-12"><div class="lab-step">Once the game has ended, note for each round in the cheating and cooperation table whether you gave more than your partner, received more from them or if you gave the same amount.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-13"><div class="lab-step">Now total up all of the benefits in your possession, with benefits you&#39;ve received from the other group being worth twice as much.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-14"><div class="lab-step">For each round, the whole class should total up the number of cheaters - with cheaters defined as those who gave less than they received.
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="3" data-parent-collapse="">Results
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="3-1"><div class="lab-step">For both the single partner hawk-dove game and the multiple partners hawk-dove game, use the whole class data to plot the percentages as two separate lines - one for the percentage of hawks, and one for the percentage of doves, for each of the 15 rounds.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-2"><div class="lab-step">Take note of whether the cards played changed as more rounds were played.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-3"><div class="lab-step">Manipulate the values for B and C to see if you can find the point at which values of B and C would render the hawk strategy no longer effective (this would be the point when there is no benefit to choosing the hawk strategy over always choosing the dove strategy).
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-4"><div class="lab-step">As a class, use the data from the cheating and cooperation activity to make a graph showing the percentage of rounds each individual player cheated versus the amount of benefits they ended with.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-5"><div class="lab-step">Consider whether it is better to be a cheater or a cooperator in this scenario and discuss as a class what makes this scenario different from the hawk-dove game.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-6"><div class="lab-step">Now, use the class data to graph the percentage of cheaters against the number of rounds, and look for any trends over time.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-7"><div class="lab-step">Consider which type of strategy would most likely evolve in a setting where partners interact repeatedly.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-8"><div class="lab-step">Then, note which tactic might be beneficial for a species that relies on cooperation. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-9"><div class="lab-step">Discuss as a class what would likely happen if you increased or decreased the relative value of the benefits you receive.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

The Hawk-Dove Game
ExpandNOTE: In this activity, you will play the hawk and dove game with a single partner and then with multiple partners to observe ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Biology

Ecology

Lab Manual Sub Articles

hawk-dove strategy and cooperation

<p class="jove_content">The hawk-dove game compares aggressive and cooperative strategies in repeated interactions. Students play with one partner first and then with multiple partners to see how costs and benefits change. Before starting, they review the cost-benefit table so they can score each round correctly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The activity tests two hypotheses. One is that the dove strategy becomes more common with repeated partners, while the hawk strategy becomes more common when students interact with new partners. The null hypothesis is that strategy use does not change over time in either setting. For this game, benefit comes from the table values, and in the example shown B equals four and C equals three.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Students use hawk and dove cards and keep them face down until the instructor signals them to show a card to the student across from them. They try to choose the card that gives them the highest benefit, but they do not communicate with their partner. In the Single Partner Recording Table, they record each pair of cards and the benefit for that round. They repeat the same pairing for 15 rounds.</p>

<p class="jove_content">At the end of the single-partner game, the student with the highest total benefit is the winner, or the most fit. The class then calculates the percentage of hawks and doves played and the average benefit for each round. The class average benefit is found by dividing the total benefit by the number of players. In the second game, students rotate one row to the right after each round so that everyone gets a new partner, and they keep playing for 15 rounds or until they return to their starting positions.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The second activity focuses on cheating and cooperation. Here, a cheater gives fewer benefits than they receive. Students use colored beads or similar items as benefits, along with a paper bag and a three-ring binder. They first form groups of three with the same color, then pair with another group that has a different color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In each round, partners exchange benefits without knowing what they will receive and without talking to their group. Benefits of a different color from the starting color are worth twice as much. Students face each other while hiding the items they hold, then place zero to two benefits into the paper bag when the instructor signals them. They pass the bag, receive one back, remove the benefits, and record how many they gave and received in the Cheating and Cooperation Table.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Students repeat the exchange with new members from the other group for as many rounds as the instructor chooses. The total number of rounds is not revealed until the end so player behavior is not affected. After the game, they note in each round whether they gave more, received more, or gave the same amount. They then total the benefits they have, counting received benefits from the other group as worth twice as much, and the class totals the number of cheaters in each round.</p>

<p class="jove_content">For the results, the class plots the hawk and dove percentages as two separate lines for all 15 rounds in both hawk-dove games. They check whether the card choices change over time. They also adjust B and C to find the point where hawk is no longer better than always choosing dove. For the cheating activity, they graph each player’s percentage of cheating against the benefits they ended with. They also graph the percentage of cheaters versus the number of rounds, compare cheating and cooperation, and discuss which strategy would be more likely to evolve when partners interact repeatedly. They consider how the value of the benefits would change the outcome if it were increased or decreased.</p>

Hawk-Dove Strategy and Cooperation

The hawk-dove game compares aggressive and cooperative strategies in repeated interactions. Students play with one partner first and then with multiple partners to see how costs and benefits change. Before starting, they review the cost-benefit table so they can score each round correctly.<br /><br />The activity tests two hypotheses. One is that the dove strategy becomes more common with repeated partners, while the hawk strategy becomes more common when students interact with new partners. The null...

Hawk-Dove Game Materials Prep

Hawk-Dove game materials prep helps set up the cards, beads, tables, and room layout for the class activity. Students need two opaque cards each, labeled “dove” and “hawk,” with no obvious difference between the cards. The cards should be made from card stock paper so they are sturdy enough for repeated use.<br /><br />The activity also uses small objects in two colors, and beads work well for this purpose. Make sure there are enough beads for each student to have 20 of one color. Then give each half of...

lab manual sub articles

Explore the hawk-dove game and cheating vs cooperation activities, where students track strategy, benefits, and changing behavior across repeated rounds.

Hawk-Dove Strategy and Cooperation | JoVE K12

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-8

<p>Have you ever wondered why some animals are solitary, while others are social? Let&#39;s consider these different hamsters, for example. Syrian Hamsters are territorial, therefore unwilling to share resources. Since they can&#39;t tolerate each other well, they will fight others entering their territory, and can injure each other, potentially fatally. On the other hand, Russian Hamsters typically live in small groups, sharing resources, and forming long-lasting bonds, especially with their mating partners. </p>
<p>Speaking of mating, you may have noticed that some animals exhibit something called Polymorphic Mating Systems, meaning that one sex, generally males, develop different phenotypes and mating strategies. In sea lions, for example, males are much bigger and have more powerful jaws and necks than the females. In terms of the different mating strategies, dominant males gather harems of females up on the beach and fight any challengers trying to take their mates. However, some non-dominant males stay in the water around these groups, as a strategy to mate with females who have left the beach temporarily. These distinct behavior strategies can affect an organism&#39;s fitness differently, and so one strategy may dominate others in a population over the course of evolution. </p>
<p>Let&#39;s look at this more closely. This preferred strategy, here called strategy one, is known as an Evolutionarily Stable Strategy, or ESS, because the payoff is greater than any alternative strategy. Males that employ the less-beneficial strategy two only do so if their risks of fighting to gain a group of females is extremely high and likely to be unsuccessful, perhaps because they are extremely young or very old. To understand how Evolutionarily Stable Strategies like this arise, biologists turn to game theory, which is the study of cooperative and conflict behaviors between individuals, using mathematical models. First, biologists assign benefits and costs to different strategies. Benefits might be gaining control of a resource, like food or mates. Costs might be whatever risks are incurred by trying to take possession of the benefit, like the potential negative cost of losing a fight. So, sometimes, strategies like sharing benefits with no cost, i.e. risk of injury in this example, can be a good alternative. </p>
<p>We can model the net gain of an individual after an interaction, using the hawk-dove game, in which hawks are always willing to fight for resources, and doves are always peaceful. In an interaction between two doves, each individual will receive equal benefit without any aggression costs. Using this equation, we can calculate the net gain for each individual, which is the benefit minus the cost. That&#39;s half B, in this case. In an interaction between a dove and a hawk, the hawk will receive all the benefit, but neither bird will incur immediate costs, because the doves don&#39;t engage in conflict. If two hawks interact, they will fight and split the benefit, but also incur some costs, which end up reducing their net gain. </p>
<p>So how do populations strike a balance? In a predominantly sharing group, uncooperative cheaters can out-compete other residents, like this guy, sleeping on his watch. Because of this, many cooperative populations have developed ways to prevent invasion, such as the ability to switch strategies, or identify and punish cheaters with actions like expulsion from the group. </p>
<p>In this lab, you will perform the hawk-dove game, and demonstrate the persistence of two different strategies in a population, and the circumstances that may affect their use.</p>

hawk-dove strategy in animal populations

<p class="jove_content">Hawk-dove strategy helps explain how animals compete and cooperate in populations. Organisms often face costs when they try to get food, shelter, or mates. Because of that, individuals can use different behavioral strategies to gain an advantage.</p>

<p class="jove_content">This is clear in polymorphic mating systems, where one sex, usually males, uses more than one mating strategy. For example, dominant male sea lions defend groups of females on the beach. Non-dominant males stay in or near the water and try to mate with females that leave the beach for a short time.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Ecologists use game theory to study how these strategies evolve. Game theory is a mathematical way to model interactions in which one animal’s payoff depends on its own strategy and on the strategies of others. Each strategy has costs and benefits, and the best one gives the highest net gain and fitness.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Over evolutionary time, one strategy may outcompete the others in a population. This is called an evolutionary stable strategy, or ESS. Once it appears through mutation or migration, populations can shift toward it through natural selection. A common example is the Hawk-Dove game, which compares two ways of getting a resource.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In the Hawk-Dove game, hawks are aggressive and always fight for resources. Doves are passive and never fight. Two doves split the resource evenly. A hawk and a dove result in the hawk getting all the resources, while two hawks split the resources and also pay the cost of fighting.</p>

<p class="jove_content">These models also show why cooperation can be unstable if cheaters appear. Cheaters are individuals that do not cooperate, and they can invade and outcompete the residents. To reduce this risk, many cooperative populations can switch strategies when needed or recognize cheaters and share that information with others in the group.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Game theory also helps explain altruism, which is when an animal lowers its immediate fitness to help another. This can evolve when individuals can recognize each other or expect to meet again. Flocks of birds and herds of mammals show this when one animal gives an alarm call and becomes more exposed to predators, but others often do the same in return.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A similar pattern appears in vampire bats, which may regurgitate food for hungry bats. If food is scarce later, the donor bat may benefit from the same behavior. Social interactions also happen between species. Different species can compete for the same resources, but they can also form mutualisms, or partnerships that benefit both sides.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Many plants form mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. The plant gives complex sugars to the bacteria, and the bacteria provide nitrogen. If the bacteria do not provide nitrogen, the plant can reduce the sugars it gives back. Invasive species can disrupt these systems. In Hawaii, an invasive dinoflagellate that partners with coral takes more resources than local dinoflagellates and harms the coral instead of helping it. Studying these interactions helps explain how behavioral strategies evolve and how invasive organisms may affect ecosystems.</p>

Hawk-Dove Strategy in Animal Populations

Life in a Population
Organisms in populations interact with one another in complex ways, where individuals compete for resources such as food, shelter, ...

Test your understanding of Group Behavior with this Biology assessment quiz on JoVE Lab Manual. Covers key concepts through video-based questions designed to evaluate student learning.

Group Behavior in Biology - Assessment Quiz | JoVE Lab Manual

Prepare cards, beads, recording tables, and classroom seating for the Hawk-Dove game and trading exercise used in high school science activities.

Hawk-Dove Game Materials Prep | JoVE K12

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

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Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

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Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include deriving mathematical equations to make comparisons.

3.1.9-12.I

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to provided data.

3.1.9-12.L

Students who demonstrate understanding can evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.M

What is Weather?

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What is Climate?

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Global Climate Change

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Conservation of Declining Populations

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Habitat Fragmentation

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What is Biodiversity?

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Threats to Biodiversity

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Biodiversity and Human Values

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What is Conservation Biology?

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Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Externalities

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Private Cost and Benefit

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Social Cost and Benefit

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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

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Creating Materials for the Hawk-Dove Game and Trading Exercise
ExpandUse card stock paper to create a set of two cards for each student, and label one ...

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Group Polarization

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Deindividuation

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Students who demonstrate understanding can evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species' chances to survive and reproduce. Assessment Boundary: N/A

Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers

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Formation of Species

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Speciation Rates

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Genetics of Speciation

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Hybrid Zones

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3.1.9-12.V

Hawk-Dove Strategy and Cooperation

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