Name: hawk-dove game materials prep
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:27:54.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

Group Behavior

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="0.0">Creating Materials for the Hawk-Dove Game and Trading Exercise
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group behavior

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Creating Materials for the Hawk-Dove Game and Trading Exercise
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">Use card stock paper to create a set of two cards for each student, and label one &#8220;dove&#8221; and the other &#8220;hawk&#8221;. NOTE: The cards should be opaque and there should be no obvious differences between the cards. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Gather small objects in two colors &#8211; beads work well. Make sure there are enough for each student to have 20 of the same color and each half of the class to have a different color.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Print the single partner recording table, the multiple partner recording table, and the cheating and cooperation tables so that there is enough for the class. <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/33/Table_2_Group_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 2</a> <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/33/Table_3_Group_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 3</a> <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/33/Table_4_Group_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 4</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Provide the cost benefit table for students to review by printing copies or displaying the table so that students can see it throughout the activities. <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/33/Table_1_Group_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="_blank">Click Here to download Table 1</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Arrange the classroom so that the students can arrange themselves into either two concentric circles or two parallel lines. The lines should have an equal number of students in each line so that partners are sitting across from each other. 
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">What are polymorphic mating systems?</h4><p>Polymorphic mating systems are physical characteristics and other mating strategies one sex of a species, usually the male, develops to increase chances of mating. 
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">What is an Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)?</h4><p>An ESS is the behavioral strategy that provided higher fitness to individuals and became dominant over other strategies over the course of evolution.
</p></div><div ...

Creating Materials for the Hawk-Dove Game and Trading Exercise
ExpandUse card stock paper to create a set of two cards for each student, and label one ...

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hawk-dove game materials prep

<p class="jove_content">Hawk-Dove game materials prep helps set up the cards, beads, tables, and room layout for the class activity. Students need two opaque cards each, labeled “dove” and “hawk,” with no obvious difference between the cards. The cards should be made from card stock paper so they are sturdy enough for repeated use.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The activity also uses small objects in two colors, and beads work well for this purpose. Make sure there are enough beads for each student to have 20 of one color. Then give each half of the class a different color. This lets students track trading and outcomes during the exercise.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Printed recording tables are also needed for the lesson. Prepare the single partner recording table, the multiple partner recording table, and the cheating and cooperation tables so the class has enough copies. The cost benefit table should also be printed or displayed so students can see it throughout the activities.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The classroom should be arranged so students can form either two concentric circles or two parallel lines. If the class uses lines, each line should have the same number of students. Partners should sit across from each other. This setup supports the trading exercise and the Hawk-Dove game.</p>

Hawk-Dove Game Materials Prep

Hawk-Dove Strategy and Cooperation

The hawk-dove game compares aggressive and cooperative strategies in repeated interactions. Students play with one partner first and then with multiple partners to see how costs and benefits change. Before starting, they review the cost-benefit table so they can score each round correctly.<br /><br />The activity tests two hypotheses. One is that the dove strategy becomes more common with repeated partners, while the hawk strategy becomes more common when students interact with new partners. The null...

Hawk-Dove game materials prep helps set up the cards, beads, tables, and room layout for the class activity. Students need two opaque cards each, labeled “dove” and “hawk,” with no obvious difference between the cards. The cards should be made from card stock paper so they are sturdy enough for repeated use.<br /><br />The activity also uses small objects in two colors, and beads work well for this purpose. Make sure there are enough beads for each student to have 20 of one color. Then give each half of...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare cards, beads, recording tables, and classroom seating for the Hawk-Dove game and trading exercise used in high school science activities.

Hawk-Dove Game Materials Prep | JoVE K12

<p>Have you ever wondered why some animals are solitary, while others are social? Let&#39;s consider these different hamsters, for example. Syrian Hamsters are territorial, therefore unwilling to share resources. Since they can&#39;t tolerate each other well, they will fight others entering their territory, and can injure each other, potentially fatally. On the other hand, Russian Hamsters typically live in small groups, sharing resources, and forming long-lasting bonds, especially with their mating partners. </p>
<p>Speaking of mating, you may have noticed that some animals exhibit something called Polymorphic Mating Systems, meaning that one sex, generally males, develop different phenotypes and mating strategies. In sea lions, for example, males are much bigger and have more powerful jaws and necks than the females. In terms of the different mating strategies, dominant males gather harems of females up on the beach and fight any challengers trying to take their mates. However, some non-dominant males stay in the water around these groups, as a strategy to mate with females who have left the beach temporarily. These distinct behavior strategies can affect an organism&#39;s fitness differently, and so o</p>

hawk-dove strategy in animal populations

<p class="jove_content">Hawk-dove strategy helps explain how animals compete and cooperate in populations. Organisms often face costs when they try to get food, shelter, or mates. Because of that, individuals can use different behavioral strategies to gain an advantage.</p>

<p class="jove_content">This is clear in polymorphic mating systems, where one sex, usually males, uses more than one mating strategy. For example, dominant male sea lions defend groups of females on the beach. Non-dominant males stay in or near the water and try to mate with females that leave the beach for a short time.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Ecologists use game theory to study how these strategies evolve. Game theory is a mathematical way to model interactions in which one animal’s payoff depends on its own strategy and on the strategies of others. Each strategy has costs and benefits, and the best one gives the highest net gain and fitness.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Over evolutionary time, one strategy may outcompete the others in a population. This is called an evolutionary stable strategy, or ESS. Once it appears through mutation or migration, populations can shift toward it through natural selection. A common example is the Hawk-Dove game, which compares two ways of getting a resource.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In the Hawk-Dove game, hawks are aggressive and always fight for resources. Doves are passive and never fight. Two doves split the resource evenly. A hawk and a dove result in the hawk getting all the resources, while two hawks split the resources and also pay the cost of fighting.</p>

<p class="jove_content">These models also show why cooperation can be unstable if cheaters appear. Cheaters are individuals that do not cooperate, and they can invade and outcompete the residents. To reduce this risk, many cooperative populations can switch strategies when needed or recognize cheaters and share that information with others in the group.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Game theory also helps explain altruism, which is when an animal lowers its immediate fitness to help another. This can evolve when individuals can recognize each other or expect to meet again. Flocks of birds and herds of mammals show this when one animal gives an alarm call and becomes more exposed to predators, but others often do the same in return.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A similar pattern appears in vampire bats, which may regurgitate food for hungry bats. If food is scarce later, the donor bat may benefit from the same behavior. Social interactions also happen between species. Different species can compete for the same resources, but they can also form mutualisms, or partnerships that benefit both sides.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Many plants form mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. The plant gives complex sugars to the bacteria, and the bacteria provide nitrogen. If the bacteria do not provide nitrogen, the plant can reduce the sugars it gives back. Invasive species can disrupt these systems. In Hawaii, an invasive dinoflagellate that partners with coral takes more resources than local dinoflagellates and harms the coral instead of helping it. Studying these interactions helps explain how behavioral strategies evolve and how invasive organisms may affect ecosystems.</p>

Hawk-Dove Strategy in Animal Populations

Life in a Population
Organisms in populations interact with one another in complex ways, where individuals compete for resources such as food, shelter, ...

Test your understanding of Group Behavior with this Biology assessment quiz on JoVE Lab Manual. Covers key concepts through video-based questions designed to evaluate student learning.

Group Behavior in Biology - Assessment Quiz | JoVE Lab Manual

Explore the hawk-dove game and cheating vs cooperation activities, where students track strategy, benefits, and changing behavior across repeated rounds.

Hawk-Dove Strategy and Cooperation | JoVE K12

What is an Ecosystem?

Overview

An ecosystem is the interaction between all abiotic and biotic factors in an environment and can be classified as terrestrial or aquatic. ...

Trophic Levels

All organisms in an ecosystem occupy a trophic level in the food chain. The lowest level consists of primary producers, which synthesize their food from ...

Primary Production

The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical and/or computational representations to support explanations of factors that affect carrying capacity of ecosystems at different scales.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include deriving mathematical equations to make comparisons.

3.1.9-12.I

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use mathematical representations to support and revise explanations based on evidence about factors affecting biodiversity and populations in ecosystems of different scales. Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to provided data.

3.1.9-12.L

Students who demonstrate understanding can evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning that the complex interactions in ecosystems maintain relatively consistent numbers and types of organisms in stable conditions, but changing conditions may result in a new ecosystem. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.M

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#x201C;Climate is what you expect. ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&#x2019;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Externalities

Externalities are outcomes of economic activities that affect third parties who are not directly involved in it. These impacts can be either positive or ...

Private Cost and Benefit

Private cost is the expenses a business incurs while producing a good or the price paid by an individual in purchasing a good.
For example, consider a ...

Social Cost and Benefit

Private costs and benefits are the financial impacts on individuals or businesses directly involved in a transaction.
However, when an additional unit of ...

Negative Externalities

A negative externality is a cost suffered by an unrelated third party due to an economic transaction.
The costs created by negative externalities are not ...

Positive Externalities

Positive externalities occur when a third party benefits from an economic transaction without being directly involved.
Take vaccines as an example. When ...

The Efficient Level of Pollution

Producing goods often results in pollution as a byproduct, but eliminating all pollution isn&#39;t practical. Doing so would mean halting the production ...

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Spatial Multiobjective Optimization of Agricultural Conservation Practices using a SWAT Model and an Evolutionary Algorithm

Finding the cost-efficient (i.e., lowest-cost) ways of targeting conservation practice investments for the achievement of specific water quality goals ...

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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.N

The Hawk-Dove Game
ExpandNOTE: In this activity, you will play the hawk and dove game with a single partner and then with multiple partners to observe ...

In- and Out-Groups

People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel &amp; ...

Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to&nbsp;negative outcomes.&nbsp;Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social ...

Social Loafing

Another way in which a group presence can affect&nbsp;performance is social loafing&mdash;the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a ...

Group Polarization

Group polarization is&nbsp;the strengthening of an original group attitude following&nbsp;the discussion of views within a group (Teger &amp; Pruitt, ...

Groupthink

When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where ...

Deindividuation

Deindividuation is a form of social influence on an individual&rsquo;s behavior such that the individual engages in unusual or non-normal behavior while ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can evaluate the evidence for the role of group behavior on individual and species' chances to survive and reproduce. Assessment Boundary: N/A

Understanding Species and Reproductive Barriers

A species is a group of organisms that interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Typically, individuals of the same species appear similar and share ...

Formation of Species

Speciation describes the formation of one or more new species from one or sometimes multiple original species. The resulting species are discrete from the ...

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and ...

Genetics of Speciation

Speciation is the evolutionary process resulting in the formation of new, distinct species&#x2014;groups of reproductively isolated populations.The ...

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may ...

Correlation of Experimental Data

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Dimensional analysis alone cannot fully solve a ...

Modeling and Similitude

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This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

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Design Example: Creating a Hydraulic Model of a Dam Spillway

A hydraulic model of a dam spillway is often created by scaling down the design, typically to a 1:15 ratio, to replicate key flow characteristics such as ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can create or revise a simulation to test a solution to mitigate adverse impacts of human activity on biodiversity. Assessment Boundary: N/A

3.1.9-12.V

Hawk-Dove Game Materials Prep

Learning Objectives

What are polymorphic mating systems?

What is an Evolutio...

Lab Prep

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