Name: photosynthesis in chloroplasts and leaves
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:12.000Z
Duration: 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

3.3.9-12.L

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a biochemical process used by green plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria to capture energy from light and store it in chemical compounds that fuel biological functions. For example, land plants use water from the soil, carbon dioxide from the air, and energy from the sun to synthesize glucose, which fuels plant growth, development and physiology. The oxygen gas we breathe is released as a byproduct of this process.

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to produce glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates. The overall biochemical formula of photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light energy &rarr; C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and is largely responsible for maintaining the Earth&rsquo;s atmospheric oxygen content.

Photosynthetic reactions occur in chloroplasts, specialized membrane-enclosed compartments in the plant cell. Chloroplasts consist of coin-like stacks of thylakoids. One such stack is called a granum. The thylakoid membranes are enriched with chlorophyll, a green pigment that gives plants and especially their leaves their green color. The chlorophyll molecule absorbs light energy in the form of photons from violet-blue, and orange and red wavelengths. The photons initiate a cascade that powers the reactions of Photosystem II and Photosystem I that produce ATP and NADPH. These two molecules are then used to power the light-independent reactions of the Calvin Cycle that take place in the stroma of the chloroplast to produce complex carbohydrates.

Some plants, like corn and cacti that grow in dry, hot climates, use modified carbon-fixing processes to produce sugars, such as the C4 and CAM pathways. These climate adaptations reduce photorespiration&mdash;a process where the enzyme rubisco binds O2 and burns sugar rather than producing it by binding CO2. CAM and C4 plants separate CO2 fixation and glucose synthesis in time, or by using specialized cell compartments for both processes.

Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to ...

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photosynthesis in chloroplasts and leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content.

Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell. Chloroplasts contain coin-like stacks of thylakoids. One stack is called a granum. The thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that gives plants, especially their leaves, their green color.

Chlorophyll absorbs light energy as photons. It takes in light from violet-blue, orange, and red wavelengths. These photons start a series of reactions that powers Photosystem II and Photosystem I. The reactions produce ATP and NADPH, two energy-carrying molecules.

ATP and NADPH then power the light-independent reactions of the Calvin Cycle. These reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. The Calvin Cycle produces complex carbohydrates from the captured carbon dioxide.

Some plants use modified carbon-fixing pathways to make sugars. Corn and cacti are examples of plants that grow in dry, hot climates. They use the C4 and CAM pathways, which reduce photorespiration. In photorespiration, the enzyme rubisco binds O2 instead of CO2 and burns sugar rather than producing it. CAM and C4 plants separate CO2 fixation and glucose synthesis in time, or use specialized cell compartments for both steps.

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

photosynthesis-in-chloroplasts-and-leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

light as energy

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms,...

anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how photosynthesis works in chloroplasts, from chlorophyll and light reactions to the Calvin Cycle, plus C4 and CAM adaptations in hot, dry plants.

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Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

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