Name: simulation of the planetary interior differentiation processes in the laboratory
Uploaded: 2013-11-15T17:30:00.000Z
Duration: 6 min 4 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Geology

Formation and Evolution of Earth

SG1.b

simulation-planetary-interior-differentiation-processes

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

This work was supported by NASA grant NNX11AC68G and the Carnegie Institution of Washington. I thank Chi Zhang for his assistance with data collection. I also thank Anat Shahar and Valerie Hillgren for helpful reviews of this manuscript.

1. Prepare Starting Materials and Sample Chambers
<ol>
	<li>Prepare two types of starting materials, (1) a mixture of natural silicate olivine and metallic iron powder with 10 wt% sulfur (metal/silicate ratios ranging from 4 to 30 wt%) for simulating percolation of liquid iron alloy in a solid silicate matrix during the initial core formation of a small planetary body, and (2) a homogeneous mixture of finely-grounded pure iron and iron sulfide for determining the planetary inner core crystallization.</li>
	<li>Grind the starting materials to fine mixed powder under ethanol in an agate mortar for one hour and dried at 100 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Load the starting material into a sintered MgO or Al2O3 capsule (typically 1.5 mm in diameter and 1.5 in length), and then place it in a high-pressure cell assembly for the multi-anvil experiments.</li>
	<li>Load the Fe-FeS mixture into a small sample chamber (typically 100 &#181;m in diameter and 25 &#181;m in thickness) drilled in a preindented rhenium gasket for the laser-heating experiments in the diamond-anvil cell. Sandwich the Fe-FeS mixture between NaCl layers which serve as thermal insulators.</li>
</ol>
2. High-pressure and High-temperature Experiments in the Multi-anvil Apparatus
<ol>
	<li>The multi-anvil high-pressure cell assembly consists of an MgO octahedron as a pressure medium, a ZrO2 sleeve as the thermal insulator, and a cylindrical rhenium or graphite heater. The sample capsule fits inside the heater. A type-C thermocouple is inserted into the sample chamber to determine the sample temperature.</li>
	<li>Place the high-pressure assembly in a multi-anvil high-pressure apparatus for pressurization.</li>
	<li>The multi-anvil apparatus consists of a 1,500&#160;ton hydraulic press and a pressure module which contains a retaining ring with six removable push wedges forming a cubic cavity in the center15. The cubic cavity houses eight tungsten carbide cubes with truncated corners. The truncated cubes, which converge on the octahedron cell assembly, are separated from one another by compressible gaskets. The hydraulic ram transmits the force effectively onto the sample assembly by a two-stage anvil configuration. Figure 1 illustrates the experimental procedure for the multi-anvil experiment.</li>
	<li>Pressurize the sample to a target pressure between 2-27 GPa at room temperature based on fix-point pressure calibration curve16, and then heat it to the experimental temperatures up to 2,300 &#176;C by electrical resistance heating; maintain the experiment at a constant temperature for the duration of the experiment; and turn off the power to quench the sample to room temperature at the end of the experiment.</li>
	<li>Release pressure slowly by opening the hydraulic oil valve and recover the experimental charge.</li>
</ol>
3. Laser-heating Experiments in the Diamond-anvil Cell
<ol>
	<li>Pressure in a diamond-anvil cell is generated between two gem-quality single-crystal diamond anvils (about 0.25 carats each). We use a symmetric diamond-anvil cell to drive the perfectly aligned opposite anvils with a piston-cylinder system. The cell is capable of generating pressures corresponding to the pressure conditions of the Earth&#39;s core17. High temperature is achieved by laser heating in the diamond-anvil cell. We use a system at the Advance Photon Source (APS), which is based on a double-sided laser heating technique and consists of two fiber lasers, optics to heat the sample from both sides, and two spectroradiometric systems for temperature measurements on both sides18. The system is designed to generate a large heating spot (25 &#181;m in diameter), minimize the sample temperature gradients both radially and axially in the diamond anvil cell, and maximize heating stability. Figure 2 shows schematics of the experimental configuration for the laser-heating experiment in the diamond-anvil cell with an image of the laser-heating spot.</li>
	<li>Align the diamond anvils with 300&#160;&#181;m culets and preindent a rhenium gasket to a thickness of 30 &#181;m from an initial thickness of 250 &#181;m.</li>
	<li>Drill a hole in the preindented gasket with a diameter of 120 &#181;m at the center, and load the sample in the hole.</li>
	<li>Pressurize the sample to a target pressure at room temperature, and then heat the sample by increasing the laser power while taking temperature measurements and in&#160;situ X-ray diffraction measurements at the synchrotron facility.</li>
	<li>Turn off the laser power to quench the sample when partial melting is detected by a change in thermal radiation and from the diffraction pattern.</li>
	<li>Recover the heated sample for ex&#160;situ characterization.</li>
</ol>
4. Sample Recovery and Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Mount the retrieved multi-anvil sample in epoxy resin and polish its surface using a suite of diamond powder grit from 150 &#956;m to 0.25 &#956;m.</li>
	<li>Carbon-coat the surface of the sample and load it into the sample chamber of a Zeiss Auriga FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument (Figure&#160;3A) for analysis.</li>
	<li>Align the sample to the coincident point of the FIB and SEM at a working distance of 5 mm (Figure&#160;3B), and then premill the sample to expose a volume of 15 x 20 x 20 &#181;m3 (Figure&#160;3C).</li>
	<li>Take SEM images at an interval of 25 nm using the slice&#38;view function on the Zeiss Auriga FIB/SEM instrument (automatically record a series of images after ion-beam milling with typical image resolution of about 35 nm).</li>
	<li>Input the image data files to a visualization software and reconstruct 3D images to visualize the melt distribution and connectivity in the quenched sample (Figure&#160;3D).</li>
</ol>

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</ol>

No conflict of interest declared.

The techniques for the multi-anvil experiments are well established, generating stable pressure and temperature for an extended period of run time and producing relatively large sample volume. It is a powerful tool to simulate the interior processes of planets, especially for experiments, such as melt percolation, that require certain sample volume. The limitation is the maximum achievable pressure, up to 27 GPa with tungsten carbide (WC) anvils, reaching the core pressures of Mars and Mercury, but far too low pressure t...

Terrestrial planets such as the Earth, Venus, Mars, and Mercury are differentiated planetary bodies consisting of a silicate mantle and a metallic core. The modern planet formation model suggests that the terrestrial planets were formed from collisions of Moon-to-Mars-sized planetary embryos grown from km-sized or larger planetesimals through gravitational interactions1-2. The planetesimals were likely differentiated already once the metallic iron alloys reached melting temperature due to heating from sources such as radioactive decay of short-lived isotopes such as 26Al and 60Fe, impact, and release of potential energy3. It is important to understand how the liquid metal percolated through a silicate matrix during the early differentiation.
Planet differentiation could proceed through efficient liquid-liquid separation or by percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix, depending on the size and interior temperature of the planetary bodies. The percolation of liquid metal in the solid silicate matrix is likely a dominant process in the initial differentiation when the temperature is not high enough to melt the entire planetary body. The efficiency of percolation depends on the dihedral angle, determined by the interfacial energies of the solid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces. We can simulate this process in the laboratory by conducting high-pressure and high-temperature experiments on a mixture of iron alloy and silicate. Recent studies4-7&#160;have investigated the wetting ability of liquid iron alloys in a solid silicate matrix at high pressure and temperature. They used a conventional method to measure the relative frequency distributions of apparent dihedral angles between the quenched liquid metal and silicate grains on the polished cross-sections for determination of the true dihedral angle. The conventional method yields relatively large uncertainties in the measured dihedral angle and possible bias depending on the sampling statistics. Here we present a new imaging technique to visualize the distribution of liquid metal in the silicate matrix in three dimensions (3D) by combination of FIB milling and high-resolution field-emission SEM imaging. The new imaging technique provides precise determination of the dihedral angle and quantitative measure of the volume fraction and connectivity of the liquid phase.
The Earth&#39;s core was formed in a relatively short time (&#60;100 million years)8, presumably in a liquid state at its early history. Mars and Mercury also have liquid cores based on solar tidal deformation from the Mars Global Surveyor radio tracking data9&#160;and radar speckle patterns tied to the planetary rotation10, respectively. Thermal evolution models and high-pressure melting experiments on core materials further support a liquid Martian core11-12. Recent Messenger spacecraft data provide additional evidence for a liquid core of Mercury13. Even the small Moon likely has a small liquid core based on recent reanalysis of Appollo lunar seismograms14. Liquid planetary cores are consistent with high accretion energy at the early stage of planet formation. Subsequent cooling may lead to formation of solid inner core for some planets. Seismic data have revealed that the Earth consists of a liquid outer core and a solid inner core. The formation of the inner core has important implications for the dynamics of the core driven by thermal and compositional convections and the generation of the magnetic field of the planet.
Solidification of the inner core is controlled by the melting temperature of core materials and the thermal evolution of the core. Core formation of terrestrial planets shared similar accretion paths and the chemical composition of the cores is considered to be dominated by iron with about 10 weight % light elements such as sulfur (S), silicon (Si), oxygen (O), carbon (C), and hydrogen (H)15. It is essential to have knowledge of the melting relations in the systems relevant to the core, such as Fe-FeS, Fe-C, Fe-FeO, Fe-FeH, and Fe-FeSiat high pressure, in order to understand the composition of the planetary cores. In this study, we will demonstrate experiments conducted in the multi-anvil device and diamond-anvil cell, mimicking the conditions of the planetary cores. The experiments provide information on the crystallization sequence and element partitioning between solid and liquid metal, leading to a better understanding for the requirements of the inner core crystallization and the distribution of light elements between the crystalline inner core and liquid out core. To extend the melting relationships to very high pressures, we have developed new techniques to analyze the quenched samples recovered from laser-heated diamond-anvil cell experiments. With precision FIB milling of the laser-heating spot, we determine melting using quenching texture criteria imaged with high-resolution SEM and quantitative chemical analysis with a silicon drift detector at submicron spatial resolution.
Here we outline two sets of experiments to mimic planetary core formation by percolation of metallic melt in silicate matrix during early accretion and inner core crystallization by subsequent cooling. The simulation is aimed to understand the two important processes during the evolution of planetary core.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multi-anvil apparatus</td><td>Geophysical Lab</td><td>Home Builder</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Diamond-anvil cell</td><td>Geophysical Lab</td><td>Home Builder</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Laser-heating system</td><td>APS GSECARS</td><td>Designed by beamline staff</td><td> Public beamline</td></tr><tr><td>FIB/SEM Crossbeam</td><td>Carl Zeiss Ltd.</td><td>Auriga</td><td> </td></tr><tr><td>Avizo 3D software</td><td>VSG</td><td>Fire for materials science</td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table>

simulation of the planetary interior differentiation processes in the laboratory

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to that layered structure, (1) percolation of liquid metal in a solid silicate matrix by planet differentiation, and (2) inner core crystallization by subsequent planet cooling. We conduct high-pressure and high-temperature experiments to simulate both processes in the laboratory. Formation of percolative planetary core depends on the efficiency of melt percolation, which is controlled by the dihedral (wetting) angle. The percolation simulation includes heating the sample at high pressure to a target temperature at which iron-sulfur alloy is molten while the silicate remains solid, and then determining the true dihedral angle to evaluate the style of liquid migration in a crystalline matrix by 3D visualization. The 3D volume rendering is achieved by slicing the recovered sample with a focused ion beam (FIB) and taking SEM image of each slice with a FIB/SEM crossbeam instrument. The second set of experiments is designed to understand the inner core crystallization and element distribution between the liquid outer core and solid inner core by determining the melting temperature and element partitioning at high pressure. The melting experiments are conducted in the multi-anvil apparatus up to 27 GPa and extended to higher pressure in the diamond-anvil cell with laser-heating. We have developed techniques to recover small heated samples by precision FIB milling and obtain high-resolution images of the laser-heated spot that show melting texture at high pressure. By analyzing the chemical compositions of the coexisting liquid and solid phases, we precisely determine the liquidus curve, providing necessary data to understand the inner core crystallization process.

We have conducted a series of experiments using mixtures of San Carlos olivine and Fe-FeS metal alloy with different metal-silicate ratios, as the starting materials. The S content of the metal is 10 weight % S. Here we show some representative results from high-pressure experiments performed at 6 GPa and 1,800 °C, using well-calibrated multi-anvil assemblies15. Under the experimental conditions, the Fe-FeS metal alloy is completely molten and the silicate (San Carlos olivine) remains crystalline. The purpose ...

The high-pressure and high-temperature experiments described here mimic planet interior differentiation processes. The processes are visualized and better understood by high-resolution 3D imaging and quantitative chemical analysis.

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to simulate the planetary interior differentiation process. This is accomplished by first mixing olive silicate iron powder, and iron sulfide homogenously. The second step is to load the mixture into a high pressure cell assembly.Next, the assembly is pressurized to six giga pascal and heated to 1, 800 degrees Celsius in a multi anvil device. The final step is to recover the sample and prepare it for 3D imaging. Ultimately, the 3D image used to visualize the distribution of silicone and molten metal and determine if the liquid metal can percolate through the crystalline silicone to form a core.This method can help answer key questions in planetary science such as planetary core formations through percolations. Begin by preparing materials for the simulation of the percolation process. In core formation, make about a gram of a mixture of natural silicate, olive and metallic iron powder with 10 weight percent sulfur in an agate mortar.Under ethanol grind, the starting material to find mixed powder for one hour. Once this is done, dry the materials at 100 degrees Celsius for one hour, retrieve the dried material, and once they're cool, begin prepa

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micropunching-lithography-for-generating-micro-submicron-patterns-on

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

A micropunching lithography approach is developed to generate micro- and submicron-patterns on top, sidewall and bottom surfaces of polymer substrates. It overcomes the obstacles of patterning conducting polymers and generating sidewall patterns. This method allows rapid fabrication of multiple features and is free of aggressive chemistry.

controlling the size, shape and stability of supramolecular polymers in water

controlling-size-shape-stability-supramolecular-polymers

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

fabrication, densification, and replica molding of 3d carbon nanotube microstructures

fabrication-densification-replica-molding-3d-carbon-nanotube

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture.  The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

investigation of early plasma evolution induced by ultrashort laser pulses

investigation-early-plasma-evolution-induced-ultrashort-laser

Investigation of Early Plasma Evolution Induced by Ultrashort Laser Pulses

An experimental method to examine the early plasma evolution induced by ultrashort laser pulses is described.  Using this method, high quality images of early plasma are obtained with high temporal and spatial resolutions.  A novel integrated atomistic model is used to simulate and explain the mechanisms of early plasma.

polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells with plasmonic-enhanced light-trapping

polycrystalline-silicon-thin-film-solar-cells-with-plasmonic-enhanced

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

construction and testing of coin cells of lithium ion batteries

construction-and-testing-of-coin-cells-of-lithium-ion-batteries

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

encapsulation and permeability characteristics of plasma polymerized hollow particles

encapsulation-permeability-characteristics-plasma-polymerized-hollow

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

fabrication of silica ultra high quality factor microresonators

fabrication-of-silica-ultra-high-quality-factor-microresonators

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids.  The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices.  The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

compact quantum dots for single-molecule imaging

compact-quantum-dots-for-single-molecule-imaging

Compact Quantum Dots for Single-molecule Imaging

We describe the preparation of colloidal quantum dots with minimized hydrodynamic size for single-molecule fluorescence imaging.  Compared to conventional quantum dots, these nanoparticles are similar in size to globular proteins and are optimized for single-molecule brightness, stability against photodegradation, and resistance to nonspecific binding to proteins and cells.

echo particle image velocimetry

Echo Particle Image Velocimetry

An echo particle image velocimetry (EPIV) system capable of acquiring two-dimensional fields of velocity in optically opaque fluids or through optically opaque geometries is described, and validation measurements in pipe flow are reported.

hyperpolarized xenon for nmr and mri applications

hyperpolarized-xenon-for-nmr-and-mri-applications

Hyperpolarized Xenon for NMR and MRI Applications

The production of hyperpolarized xenon by means of spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) is described. This method yields a ~10000-fold enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization of Xe-129 and has applications in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Examples of gas phase and solution state experiments are given.

harvesting solar energy by means of charge-separating nanocrystals and their solids

harvesting-solar-energy-means-charge-separating-nanocrystals-their

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

A general strategy for the development of charge-separating semiconductor nanocrystal composites deployable for solar energy production is presented. We show that assembly of donor-acceptor nanocrystal domains in a single nanoparticle geometry gives rise to a photocatalytic function, while bulk-heterojunctions of donor-acceptor nanocrystal films can be used for photovoltaic energy conversion.

fabricating metamaterials using the fiber drawing method

fabricating-metamaterials-using-the-fiber-drawing-method

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

Metamaterials at terahertz frequencies offer unique opportunities, but are challenging to fabricate in bulk. We adapt the fabrication procedure for microstructured polymer optical fibers to inexpensively fabricate metamaterials potentially on an industrial scale. We produce polymethylmethacrylate fibers containing ~10 μm diameter indium wires separated by ~100 μm, which exhibit a terahertz plasmonic response.

terahertz microfluidic sensing using a parallel-plate waveguide sensor

terahertz-microfluidic-sensing-using-a-parallel-plate-waveguide-sensor

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

The procedure for implementing a refractive index sensor for terahertz frequencies based on a grooved parallel-plate waveguide geometry is described here.  The method yields a measurement of the refractive index of a small volume of liquid through monitoring of the shift in the resonant frequency of the waveguide...

synthesis of phase-shift nanoemulsions with narrow size distributions for acoustic droplet vaporization and bubble-enhanced ultrasound-mediated ablation

synthesis-phase-shift-nanoemulsions-with-narrow-size-distributions

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

determining 3d flow fields via multi-camera light field imaging

determining-3d-flow-fields-via-multi-camera-light-field-imaging

Determining 3D Flow Fields via Multi-camera Light Field Imaging

A technique for performing quantitative three-dimensional (3D) imaging for a range of fluid flows is presented.  Using concepts from the area of Light Field Imaging, we reconstruct 3D volumes from arrays of images.  Our 3D results span a broad range including velocity fields and multi-phase bubble size distributions.

a method to fabricate disconnected silver nanostructures in 3d

a-method-to-fabricate-disconnected-silver-nanostructures-in-3d

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

optical trapping of nanoparticles

Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles

The following setup approach details low power optical trapping of dielectric nanoparticles using a double-nanohole in metal film.

micro 3d printing using a digital projector and its application in the study of soft materials mechanics

micro-3d-printing-using-digital-projector-its-application-study-soft

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

bringing the visible universe into focus with robo-ao

bringing-the-visible-universe-into-focus-with-robo-ao

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Light from astronomical objects must travel through the earth's turbulent atmosphere before it can be imaged by ground-based telescopes. To enable direct imaging at maximum theoretical angular resolution, advanced techniques such as those employed by the Robo-AO adaptive-optics system must be used.

solid-state graft copolymer electrolytes for lithium battery applications

solid-state-graft-copolymer-electrolytes-for-lithium-battery

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Lithium ion batteries employ flammable and volatile organic electrolytes that are suitable for ambient temperature applications. A safer alternative to organic electrolytes are solid polymer batteries. Solid polymer batteries operate safely at high temperatures (&gt;120 °C), thus making them applicable to high temperature applications such as deep oil drilling and hybrid electric vehicles. This paper will discuss (a) the polymer synthesis, (b) the polymer conduction mechanism, and (c) provide...

simulation, fabrication and characterization of thz metamaterial absorbers

simulation-fabrication-characterization-thz-metamaterial

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

This protocol outlines the simulation, fabrication and characterization of THz metamaterial absorbers. Such absorbers, when coupled with an appropriate sensor, have applications in THz imaging and spectroscopy.

revealing dynamic processes of materials in liquids using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy

revealing-dynamic-processes-materials-liquids-using-liquid-cell

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

We have developed a self-contained liquid cell, which allows imaging through liquids using a transmission electron microscope. Dynamic processes of nanoparticles in liquids can be revealed in real time with sub-nanometer resolution.

angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy at ultra-low temperatures

angle-resolved-photoemission-spectroscopy-at-ultra-low-temperatures

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

The overall goal of this method is to determine the low-energy electronic structure of solids at ultra-low temperatures using Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation.

probing and mapping electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells

probing-and-mapping-electrode-surfaces-in-solid-oxide-fuel-cells

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for...

molecular beam mass spectrometry with tunable vacuum ultraviolet (vuv) synchrotron radiation

molecular-beam-mass-spectrometry-with-tunable-vacuum-ultraviolet-vuv

Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry With Tunable Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Synchrotron Radiation

A molecular beam coupled to tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometer at a synchrotron provides a convenient tool to explore the electronic structure of isolated gas phase molecules and clusters. Proton transfer mechanisms in DNA base dimers were elucidated with this technique.

nanomoulding of functional materials, a versatile complementary pattern replication method to nanoimprinting

nanomoulding-functional-materials-versatile-complementary-pattern

Nanomoulding of Functional Materials, a Versatile Complementary Pattern Replication Method to Nanoimprinting

We describe a nanomoulding technique which allows low-cost nanoscale patterning of functional materials, materials stacks and full devices. Nanomoulding can be performed on any nanoimprinting setup and can be applied to a wide range of materials and deposition processes.

development of whispering gallery mode polymeric micro-optical electric field sensors

development-whispering-gallery-mode-polymeric-micro-optical-electric

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

A high-sensitivity photonic micro sensor was developed for electric field detection. The sensor exploits the optical modes of a dielectric sphere. Changes in the external electric field perturb the sphere morphology leading to shifts in its optical modes. The electric field strength is measured by monitoring these optical shifts.

fabrication and characterization of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities

fabrication-characterization-photonic-crystal-slow-light-waveguides

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

measuring spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from biological material

measuring-spatially-directionally-varying-light-scattering-from

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

synthesis and operation of fluorescent-core microcavities for refractometric sensing

synthesis-operation-fluorescent-core-microcavities-for-refractometric

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

Fluorescent-core microcavity sensors employ a high-index quantum-dot coating in the channel of silica microcapillaries. Changes in the refractive index of fluids pumped into the capillary channel cause shifts in the microcavity fluorescence spectrum that can be used to analyze the channel medium.

characterization of surface modifications by white light interferometry: applications in ion sputtering, laser ablation, and tribology experiments

characterization-surface-modifications-white-light-interferometry

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

White light microscope interferometry is an optical, noncontact and quick method for measuring the topography of surfaces. It is shown how the method can be applied toward mechanical wear analysis, where wear scars on tribological test samples are analyzed; and in materials science to determine ion beam sputtering or laser ablation volumes and depths.

concurrent quantitative conductivity and mechanical properties measurements of organic photovoltaic materials using afm

concurrent-quantitative-conductivity-mechanical-properties

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution.

fabrication of nano-engineered transparent conducting oxides by pulsed laser deposition

fabrication-nano-engineered-transparent-conducting-oxides-pulsed

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

atom probe tomography studies on the cu(in,ga)se2 grain boundaries

atom-probe-tomography-studies-on-the-cu-inga-se2-grain-boundaries

Atom Probe Tomography Studies on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Grain Boundaries

In this work, we describe the use of the atom-probe tomography technique for studying the grain boundaries of the absorber layer in a CIGS solar cell. A novel approach to prepare the atom probe tips containing the desired grain boundary with a known structure is also presented here.

dry oxidation and vacuum annealing treatments for tuning the wetting properties of carbon nanotube arrays

dry-oxidation-vacuum-annealing-treatments-for-tuning-wetting

Dry Oxidation and Vacuum Annealing Treatments for Tuning the Wetting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays

This article describes a simple method to fabricate vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays by CVD and to subsequently tune their wetting properties by exposing them to vacuum annealing or dry oxidation treatment.

synthesis and functionalization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube cups with gold nanoparticles as cork stoppers

synthesis-functionalization-nitrogen-doped-carbon-nanotube-cups-with

Synthesis and Functionalization of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles as Cork Stoppers

We discussed the synthesis of individual graphitic nanocups using a series of techniques including chemical vapor deposition, acid oxidation and probe-tip sonication. By citrate reduction of HAuCl4, the graphitic nanocups were effectively corked with gold nanoparticles due to the chemically reactive edges of the cups.

setting limits on supersymmetry using simplified models

setting-limits-on-supersymmetry-using-simplified-models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

This paper demonstrates a protocol for recasting experimental simplified model limits into conservative and aggressive limits on an arbitrary new physics model. Publicly available LHC experimental results can be recast in this manner into limits on almost any new physics model with a supersymmetry-like signature.

high-resolution, high-speed, three-dimensional video imaging with digital fringe projection techniques

high-resolution-high-speed-three-dimensional-video-imaging-with

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces. It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

microwave photonics systems based on whispering-gallery-mode resonators

microwave-photonics-systems-based-on-whispering-gallery-mode

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

The customized techniques developed in our lab to build microwave photonics systems based on ultra-high Q whispering gallery mode resonators are presented. The protocols to obtain and characterize these resonators are detailed, and an explanation of some of their applications in microwave photonics is given.

process of making three-dimensional microstructures using vaporization of a sacrificial component

process-making-three-dimensional-microstructures-using-vaporization

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

The Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component (VaSC) process is used to fabricate microvascular structures. This procedure uses sacrificial poly(lactic) acid fibers to form hollow microchannels with precise 3D geometric positioning provided by laser micromachined guide plates.

quasi-light storage for optical data packets

quasi-light-storage-for-optical-data-packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

The article describes a procedure to store optical data packets with an arbitrary modulation, wavelength, and data rate. These packets are the basis of modern telecommunications.

construction of a high resolution microscope with conventional and holographic optical trapping capabilities

construction-high-resolution-microscope-with-conventional-holographic

Construction of a High Resolution Microscope with Conventional and Holographic Optical Trapping Capabilities

The system described herein employs a traditional optical trap as well as an independent holographic optical trapping line, capable of creating and manipulating multiple traps. This allows for the creation of complex geometric arrangements of refractive particles while also permitting simultaneous high-speed, high-resolution measurements of the activity of biological enzymes.

design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of plasmonic photoconductive terahertz emitters

design-fabrication-experimental-characterization-plasmonic

Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters

We describe methods for the design, fabrication, and experimental characterization of plasmonic photoconductive emitters, which offer two orders of magnitude higher terahertz power levels compared to conventional photoconductive emitters.

in-situ tapering of chalcogenide fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

in-situ-tapering-chalcogenide-fiber-for-mid-infrared-supercontinuum

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

We describe a method for in-situ tapering of As2S3 fibers to achieve efficient mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. By tapering while monitoring the supercontinuum’s spectrum, the spectral width can be maximized for a fiber taper. In-situ fiber tapering can be applied to optimize the performance of other fiber-based devices.

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