Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a by-product of bitumen extraction through surface mining in Alberta, Canada, contains various constituents of concern, including naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). These organic compounds are particularly worrisome due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. Co...

1. Mesocosm construction

NOTE: See Table of Materials for a comprehensive list of materials required for mesocosm construction and Figure 1 for a schematic of mesocosm construction.

1. Remove the top of the polyethylene tank ...