Name: photosystem i and nadph formation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:12.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-6

Photosystem I

- [Öğretmen] Fotosistem 2'ye benzer şekilde, Fotosistem 1'de, fotonlar ışık kullanma kompleksindeki pigment molekülleri tarafından, enerji tepkime merkezine aktarılmak üzere absorbe edilir ve oksitlenmeyi takiben, yüksek enerjili bir elektron birincil elektron alıcısına geçer.
 Ama bu durumda, Klorofil A çiftindeki eksik elektronun yerini Fotosistem 2'den elektron taşıma zinciri yoluyla hareket eden elektronlar alır.
 Taşıyıcı plastokinon molekülünden ikili protein sitokrom kompleksine ve başka bir plastosiyanin proteinine.
Bu prosesle serbest kalan enerji, sitokrom kompleksiyle protonları tilakoid boşluğuna pompalamak için kullanılır ve kimyasal osmozla ATP üreten bir proton gradyeni oluşturur.
 Elektron bu tepkime merkezini geçince, ferredoksin protein kompleksinden başlayarak ikinci elektron taşıma zincirine girer.
 Buradan, tek elektron NADP tarafından alınır, artı redüktaz ile başka bir elektron ve proton sonunda NADPH enerji ürününü oluşturur.

<ol>
	<li>Cardona, T., Shao, S., Nixon, P.J. Bitkilerde Fotosentezin Arttırılması: Işık Reaksiyonları. Biyokimya Üzerine Denemeler. 62 (1), 85-94 (2018).</li>
</ol>

fotosistem i

<h4>Genel Bakış</h4>

Fotosistem II, ışık enerjisini topladığı tilakoid membranın içine yerleştirilmiş çok proteinli bir komplekstir. Klorofil molekülleri, fotosistem II'nin reaksiyon merkezinde belirli bir klorofila çifti moleküllerine enerji aktarır. burada, klorofila molekülleri bir elektronu (oksidasyon) kaybederek birincil elektron alıcısına aktarır. Verilen elektronlar elektron taşıma zincirinden fotosistem I'e geçer. Bir su molekülünün bölünmesi bir oksijen atomu, iki proton (H+) ve iki elektron serbest bırakır. Elektronlar, reaksiyon merkezindeki iki klorofila molekülünün bağışlanan elektronlarının yerini alır. Oksijen atomu hemen başka bir oksijen atomu ile reaksiyona girerek atmosfere salınan O2 üretir. Protonlar, kemiosmoz adı verilen bir süreçte ATP sentezini harekete geçiren tilakoid membran boyunca bir konsantrasyon gradyanı biriktirir ve oluşturur.

<h4>Fotosistem II'de Hafif Hasat</h4>

Çok proteinli kompleks olan Fotosistem II, fotonları toplar ve bağlı pigmentleri klorofil a ve b ve karotenoidler yoluyla enerji aktarır. Karotenoidler, aksi takdirde bitki dokusuna zarar verebilecek büyük miktarda enerjiyi dağıtmaya yardımcı oldukları için koruyucu bir işleve sahiptir.

Enerji, reaksiyon merkezi adı verilen bir bölgede bir çift özel klorofil a molekülüne ulaşana kadar klorofil molekülünden klorofil molekülüne geçer. Reaksiyon merkezi, 680 nm dalga boyunda ışığı emdiği için P680 olarak da bilinir. Enerji, bir klorofil molekülünden (oksidasyon) bir elektronu kıracak kadar güçlüdür. Serbest elektron, fotoakt adı verilen bir işlemde birincil elektron alıcı molekülüne aktarılır. Reaksiyon merkezindeki klorofila elektronu, bir su molekülünün bölünmesinde salınan iki elektrondan biri ile değiştirilir.

<h4>Proton Gradyanı ve ATP Üretimi</h4>

Fotosistem II'deki suyun bölünmesi, ikinci bir oksijen atomu ile birleşen bir oksijen atomu da üretir. Ortaya çıkan O2 atmosfere kaçar. Reaksiyon ayrıca, ATP sentaz adı verilen özel, yarı geçirgen bir protein kanalına güç sağlamak için bir konsantrasyon gradyanı oluşturan ve oluşturan iki proton ( H+) oluşturur. Tilakoid’deki yüksek bir konsantrasyondan, kanaldan stromadaki daha düşük bir konsantrasyon alanına hareket eden protonların süreci kemiosmoz olarak adlandırılır. Kemiosmoz, ATP sentazının ATP enerji molekülünü oluşturmak için ADP’ye üçüncü bir fosfat grubu eklemesine izin veren enerji yaratır.

Fotosistem I

Yapısal olarak fotosistem II'ye (PSII) benzer olmasına rağmen, fotosistem I (PSI) farklı bir elektron tedarikçisine ve elektron alıcısına sahiptir.
Her ikisi de ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Cellular Processes

Hücresel Süreçler

Photosynthesis

Fotosentez

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

photosystem i and nadph formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor.

Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be re-energized by photosystem I.

To do this, the pigments in the photosystem I antenna complex absorb another photon. The energy is passed to the reaction center called P700. P700 then sends a high-energy electron to NADP+ and forms NADPH.

Photosystem II uses light energy to build a proton gradient and make ATP. Photosystem I captures light energy to reduce NADP+ into NADPH. After ATP and NADPH are made, the cell has the energy it needs to build carbohydrate molecules for long-term storage in the stroma of the chloroplast.

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

light as energy

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms,...

anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how photosystem I re-energizes electrons, reduces NADP+ to NADPH, and works with photosystem II to help build sugars in chloroplasts.

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.a

Next Generation Science Standards

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

B-LS2-5.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-5.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

SB1.e

myJoVE Corporation

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

exploring-effects-atmospheric-forcings-on-evaporation-experimental

Exploring the Effects of Atmospheric Forcings on Evaporation: Experimental Integration of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Shallow Subsurface

Evaporation is directly influenced by the interactions between the atmosphere, land surface and soil subsurface. This work aims to experimentally study ...

Earth’s systems, being dynamic and interacting, include feedback effects that can increase or decrease the original changes.

HS-ESS2-2

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

The geological record shows that changes to global and regional climate can be caused by interactions among changes in the sun’s energy output or Earth’s orbit, tectonic events, hydrosphere circulation, volcanic activity, glaciers, vegetation, and human activities. These changes can occur on a variety of time scales from sudden (e.g., volcanic ash clouds) to intermediate (ice ages) to very long-term tectonic cycles.

HS-ESS2-4

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Physical Properties Of Minerals I: Crystals and Cleavage

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals comprise various measurable and discernible ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Physical Properties Of Minerals II: Polymineralic Analysis

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals include various measurable and discernible ...

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

The abundance of liquid water on Earth’s surface and its unique combination of physical and chemical properties are central to the planet’s dynamics. These properties include water’s exceptional capacity to absorb, store, and release large amounts of energy, transmit sunlight, expand upon freezing, dissolve and transport materials, and lower the viscosities and melting points of rocks.

HS-ESS2-5

The foundation for Earth’s global climate systems is the electromagnetic radiation from the sun, as well as its reflection, absorption, storage, and redistribution among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and land systems, and this energy’s re-radiation into space.

What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is a multipart, biochemical process that occurs in plants as well as in some bacteria. It captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to ...

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor chloroplasts&mdash;the vital organelles where photosynthesis takes place. In ...

Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ...

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these ...

The Calvin Cycle

Overview

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts approximately 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually to organic compounds and produces approximately ...

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative ...

Measuring Tropospheric Ozone

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Ozone is a form of elemental oxygen (O3), a molecule of three oxygen atoms ...

determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

Determination Of NOx in Automobile Exhaust Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In the troposphere, ozone is naturally formed when sunlight splits nitrogen ...

carbon-and-nitrogen-analysis-of-environmental-samples

Carbon and Nitrogen Analysis of Environmental Samples

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Elemental Analysis is a method used to determine elemental composition of a ...

Gradual atmospheric changes were due to plants and other organisms that captured carbon dioxide and released oxygen.

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

Cyclical changes in the shape of Earth’s orbit around the sun, together with changes in the tilt of the planet’s axis of rotation, both occurring over hundreds of thousands of years, have altered the intensity and distribution of sunlight falling on Earth. These phenomena cause a cycle of ice ages and other gradual climate changes.

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards