Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

<p>- [Eğitimci] Beş benzersiz evreye sahip mitoz, hücrenin genetik malzemesinin iki yavru hücreye dağıldığı bir bölünme şeklidir.
 İnsan hücrelerinde, ilk evre olan profazda, nükleik kromatin yoğunlaşıp X şekilli kromozom haline geçer.
 Kromozomlar, sentromer bölgelerinden bağlanmış birbirinin kopyası iki kromatitli haldedir.
</p><p>Aynı zamanda çekirdek dışında da sentrozom denilen iki adet L şekilli organel, kutuplara doğru harekete geçer.
 Bu esnada organellerde mikrotübüller oluşur.
 Hücrenin içine ya da dışına doğru uzayan mikrotübüller ağ benzeri bir iğ iplikleri yapısı oluştururlar.
</p><p>Ardından, prometafaz evresinde nükleus zarı çözülerek kromozonların diğer hücre içeriklerine maruz kalmasını sağlar.
 Sentromer bölgenin her iki tarafında, her bir kromatit için protein yapıları oluşur.
 Bu kinetokorlar oluştuğunda uzayan dahili mikrotübüller bunlara bağlanır, böylece kardeş kromatitlerin her biri farklı hücre kutbuna bağlanmış olur.
</p><p>Ardından mitoz bölünme, metafaz evresine geçer.
 Bu evrede iğ iplikleri, kromozomların düzenini değiştirerek bunların tek sıra halinde hücrenin ekvatoral düzlemine dizilmesini sağlar.
 Anafaz evresinde, kinetokora bağlı mikrotübüller kısalır ve artık kromozom olarak adlandırılan kardeş kromatitler birbirinden ayrılır.
</p><p>Bu ve benzeri diğer mikrotübül hareketleri ayrıca hücrenin uzamasına da yol açar.
 Telofaz evresinde kromozomlar hücrenin zıt kutuplarına varır ve iğ iplikleri kaybolmaya başlar.
 Genetik malzeme çözülür ve her iki kromozomun etrafında çekirdek zarları oluşur.
</p><p>Telofaz evresinde, sitokinez olarak adlandırılan bir diğer süreçte de sitoplazma bölünmesi gerçekleşir.
 Böylece mitoz bölünme sonucunda, ana hücre kalıtım malzemesinin aynısına sahip iki hücre ortaya çıkmış olur.
 </p>

<p>Guertin, David A., Susanne Trautmann ve Dannel McCollum. "Ökaryotlarda Sitokinez." <em>Mikrobiyol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</em> 66, no. 2 (1 Haziran 2002): 155–78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]</p>

mitoz ve sitokinez

<p>Ökaryotik hücrelerde, hücre'nin döngüsü—bölünme döngüsü & mdash;hücre büyümesi, DNA replikasyonu/kromozom çoğaltılması, alt nesil hücrelerine kromozom dağılımı ve son olarak hücre bölünmesini içeren farklı, koordineli hücresel süreçlere ayrılır. Hücre döngüsü, düzenleyici sistemleri ve hücre çoğalmasını etkileyen hücre dışı sinyaller tarafından sıkı bir şekilde düzenlenir.</p>

<p>Hücre döngüsünün süreçleri yaklaşık 24 saat içinde (tipik insan hücrelerinde) ve iki ana ayırt edilebilir aşamada gerçekleşir. İlk aşama, interfazın S fazı sırasında DNA replikasyonudur. İkinci aşama, çoğaltılan kromozomların iki yeni çekirdeğe (mitoz) ve sitoplazmik bölünmeye (sitokinez) ayrılmasını içeren mitotik (M) fazdır. İki faz, hücrenin çoğaltma ve bölme için hazırlandığı aralıklarla (G<sub>1</sub> ve G<sub>2</sub> boşluklar) ayrılır.</p>

<h4>Mitoz Süreci</h4>

<p>Mitoz beş ayrı aşamaya ayrılabilir-profaz, prometafaz, metafaz, anafaz ve telofaz. Anafaz veya telofaz (hücreye bağlı olarak) sırasında başlayan sitokinez, M fazının bir parçasıdır, ancak mitozun bir parçası değildir.</p>

<h4>Profaz</h4>

<p>Hücre mitoza girdiğinde, çoğaltılan kromozomları yoğunlaşmaya başlar ve kondensinler olarak bilinen proteinlerin yardımıyla iplik benzeri yapılar olarak görünür hale gelir. Mitotik iğcik aparatı, S fazı sırasında çoğaltılan centrosomlar arasında oluşmaya başlar ve hücrenin karşıt kutuplarına göç eder. İğcik, tubulin protein monomerlerinden oluşan mikrotübüller adı verilen filamentli yapılardan oluşur. İğcik mikrotübülleri yoğunlaştırılmış kromozomlara doğru uzanmaya başlar. Çekirdeğin ribozom üreten bir bileşeni olan nükleolus, çekirdeğin yaklaşmakta olan parçalanmasını gösterir.</p>

<h4>Prometafaz</h4>

<p>Prometafaz sırasında, mil aparatından gelen mikrotübül filamentleri büyümeye devam eder ve kromozomlar yoğunlaşmayı bitirir. Nükleer zarf tamamen parçalanır ve kromozomları serbest bırakır. Bazı mikrotübüller, her bir kardeş kromatid çiftinin sentromerinde bulunan kinetokor adı verilen bir protein yapısına bağlanarak serbest bırakılan kromozomlara bağlanır. İğcik mikrotübülleri zıt kutuplardan bu kinetochores ve yoğun kardeş türden çiftleri yakalar. İğcik mikrotübülleri kromozomlar—kutup ve astral mikrotübüller&mdash bağlanmazlar, onları hücre duvarının kutuplarına iterler.</p>

<h4>Metafaz</h4>

<p>İğcik mikrotübülleri, hücrenin ekvatoru boyunca tamamen yoğunlaştırılmış kardeş kromatidlerin her bir çiftini metafaz plakasında hizalar. Hücre şimdi bölünmek için hazır olduğunu gösterir.</p>

<h4>Anafaz</h4>

<p>Kinetochore yapısına bağlı olan karşıt iğcik kutuplarından gelen mikrotübüller, sentromerdeki kardeş kromatidleri kısaltır ve ayırır. Kromatitleri bir arada tutan kohezyon proteinleri şimdi parçalanıyor. Kısalma kinetochore mikrotübüller çiftinin her kromatid—şimdi kromozomlar denilen— bir karşı kutba göç etmesidir.</p>

<h4>Telofaz</h4>

<p>Kromozomlar hücrenin karşıt kutuplarına ulaştığında, kromatin oluşturmak için ayrışır ve çözülürler. İğcik mikrotübül filamentleri, daha sonra kız hücrelerinde hücre iskeleti elemanları olarak kullanılan tubulin monomerlerine depolimerize olur. Nükleer zarflar her kromozom setinin etrafında yeniden toplanır.</p>

<h4>Sitokinez</h4>

<p>Hayvan hücrelerinde sitokinez sırasında, aktin filamentleri, sonunda hücreyi ikiye sıkıştıran bir bölünme oluğu oluşturmak için plazma membranında bir kasılma halkası oluşturur. Bitki hücrelerinde, glikoz, enzimler ve yapısal proteinler taşıyan Golgi aparatından gelen veziküller, eski metafaz plakasının bulunduğu yerde yeni bir hücre plakası oluşturmak için birleşir. Büyüyen hücre plakası, her iki taraftaki plazma zarlarıyla birleşir ve sonunda hücreyi ikiye bölen yeni bir hücre duvarı oluşturur.</p>

<p>Mitoz şimdi tamamlandı ve ana hücre ile aynı olan iki alt nesil hücre üretiyor. Çoğu insan hücresinde, mitoz yaklaşık 24 saatlik hücre döngüsünün yaklaşık bir saatini oluşturur.</p>

Mitoz ve Sitokinez

Ökaryotlarda hücre bölünme döngüsü, hücre büyümesi, DNA replikasyonu/kromozomu içeren farklı, koordineli hücresel süreçlere bölünür ...

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Cellular Processes

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Cell Cycle and Division

Hücre Döngüsü ve Bölünmesi

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cell cycle stages in mitosis

<p class="jove_content">Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.</p>

<p class="jove_content">During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.</p>

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

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Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured.<br /><br />There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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