Name: recombinant dna in cloning and gmos
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:51.528Z
Duration: 1 min 34 s
Channel: JoVE

Rekombinant DNA farkl&#x131; kaynaklardan, genelde farkl&#x131; t&#xFC;rlerden al&#x131;n&#x131;p klinik ve bilimsel ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmalarda yayg&#x131;n kullan&#x131;m i&#xE7;in laboratuvarda birle&#x15F;tirilen DNA&#x27;d&#x131;r.
 Rekombinant DNA genellikle istenilen bir genin, burada ba&#x11F;&#x131;&#x15F;&#xE7;&#x131; organizmadan gelen ins&#xFC;linin, ba&#x15F;ka bir organizmadan gelen vekt&#xF6;re kendi kendini yenileyen DNA&#x27;ya ba&#x11F;lanmas&#x131;d&#x131;r.
 &#xD6;rne&#x11F;in bir vir&#xFC;se veya plazmide yani k&#xFC;&#xE7;&#xFC;k, halkasal bakteriyel DNA molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;ne.
Her iki kaynaktan gelen DNA &#xF6;nce restriksiyon endon&#xFC;kleazlarla kesilir.
 Bunlar DNA&#x27;ya belli bir dizilimle yap&#x131;&#x15F;an enzimlerdir.
 Ba&#x11F;&#x131;&#x15F;&#xE7;&#x131; DNA vekt&#xF6;r DNA&#x27;n&#x131;n u&#xE7;lar&#x131;na enzim DNA ligaz yard&#x131;m&#x131;yla yap&#x131;&#x15F;&#x131;r.
Rekombinant DNA konak organizmaya sokulur, bir bakteri veya mantara.
 Orada t&#xFC;reyerek istenilen genin bir&#xE7;ok kopyas&#x131; elde edilir.
 B&#xF6;ylece gen daha kolay &#xE7;al&#x131;&#x15F;&#x131;l&#x131;r ya da ins&#xFC;linde oldu&#x11F;u gibi kona&#x11F;&#x131;n h&#xFC;cresel mekanizmas&#x131;n&#x131; kullanarak proteine &#xE7;evrilir.

Khan, Suliman, Muhammed Wajid Ullah, Rabeea Siddique, Ghulam Nabi, Sehrish Manan, Muhammed Yousaf ve Hongwei Hou. 2016. "Yaşamı İyileştirmede Rekombinant DNA Teknolojisinin Rolü." Uluslararası Genomik Dergisi 2016. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2405954" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

Matsumura, Ichiro. 2015. "Johnny Neden Klonlayamıyor: Yaygın Tuzaklar ve Çok Yaygın Olmayan Çözümler." BioTechniques 59 (3): IV–XIII. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2144/000114324" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

rekombinant dna

Recombinant DNA Technology

<h4>Genel Bak&#x131;&#x15F;</h4>

Bilim adamlar&#x131;, laboratuvarda farkl&#x131; kaynaklardan gelen DNA&#x27;y&#x131; birle&#x15F;tirerek rekombinant DNA olu&#x15F;tururlar. DNA klonlama, ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmac&#x131;lar&#x131;n, bakteriler gibi kolayca manip&#xFC;le edilen h&#xFC;crelere ekleyerek belirli genleri incelemelerine olanak tan&#x131;r. Rekombinant DNA i&#xE7;eren organizmalar, geneti&#x11F;i de&#x11F;i&#x15F;tirilmi&#x15F; organizmalar (GDO&#x27;lar) olarak bilinir. Rekombinant DNA teknolojisi bilime, t&#x131;bba ve tar&#x131;ma fayda sa&#x11F;layabilecek yeni genlere sahip organizmalar &#xFC;retir.

<h4>Bilim Adamlar&#x131; Rekombinant DNA&#x27;y&#x131; Nas&#x131;l Olu&#x15F;turur?</h4>

Rekombinant DNA&#x27;n&#x131;n yarat&#x131;lmas&#x131;, ilgilenilen bir genin bir vekt&#xF6;re, DNA replikasyonu ve protein ekspresyonu i&#xE7;in konak&#xE7;&#x131; h&#xFC;crelere yabanc&#x131; DNA ta&#x15F;&#x131;yan bir ara&#xE7; eklenmesini i&#xE7;erir. En yayg&#x131;n olarak kullan&#x131;lan klonlama vekt&#xF6;rleri, kona&#x11F;&#x131;n kromozomal DNA&#x27;s&#x131;ndan ba&#x11F;&#x131;ms&#x131;z olarak &#xE7;o&#x11F;alan plazmidler, k&#xFC;&#xE7;&#xFC;k dairesel DNA par&#xE7;alar&#x131;d&#x131;r.

Rekombinant DNA olu&#x15F;turmak i&#xE7;in, hem ilgili gen de dahil olmak &#xFC;zere verici DNA hem de vekt&#xF6;r, k&#x131;s&#x131;tlama enzimleri kullan&#x131;larak k&#x131;s&#x131;tlama siteleri ad&#x131; verilen spesifik n&#xFC;kleotid dizilerinde kesilir. DNA ligaz enzimi, ilgi konusu genin ve plazmitin ba&#x11F;land&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131; &#x15F;eker-fosfat omurgas&#x131;n&#x131; m&#xFC;h&#xFC;rler.

Sonu&#xE7;, ek ad&#x131; verilen entegre bir verici DNA par&#xE7;as&#x131;na sahip bir vekt&#xF6;rden olu&#x15F;an rekombinant bir DNA molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;d&#xFC;r. Bir bilim adam&#x131; daha sonra bu hibrit DNA molek&#xFC;l&#xFC;n&#xFC;, kolayca ve h&#x131;zl&#x131; bir &#x15F;ekilde &#xE7;o&#x11F;ald&#x131;&#x11F;&#x131; bir konak&#xE7;&#x131; organizmaya (tipik olarak bakteri veya maya) sokabilir. Bu, bilimsel ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rma ve di&#x11F;er uygulamalar i&#xE7;in gerekli olan ilgi konusu genin bir&#xE7;ok kopyas&#x131;n&#x131; olu&#x15F;turur. Gen ayn&#x131; zamanda, kona&#x11F;&#x131;n h&#xFC;cresel mekanizmas&#x131; kullan&#x131;larak insan ins&#xFC;lini gibi istenen proteine kopyalanabilir ve &#xE7;evrilebilir.

Rekombinant DNA olu&#x15F;turmak kusurlu bir s&#xFC;re&#xE7;tir ve s&#x131;kl&#x131;kla hatalar meydana gelir. &#xD6;rne&#x11F;in, vekt&#xF6;r ekleme olmadan kapanabilir veya ekleme yanl&#x131;&#x15F; (&#xF6;rne&#x11F;in geriye do&#x11F;ru) olabilir. Ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmac&#x131;lar, daha ileri &#xE7;al&#x131;&#x15F;malar i&#xE7;in rekombinant DNA&#x27;y&#x131; kullanmadan &#xF6;nce hatalar&#x131; kontrol etmelidir. N&#xFC;kleotid dizilimi, do&#x11F;ru eklenti ile plazmit ta&#x15F;&#x131;yan bakteri kolonilerinin belirlenmesine yard&#x131;mc&#x131; olabilir.

 Bilim &#x130;nsanlar&#x131; Genleri ve Proteinleri &#x130;ncelemek &#x130;&#xE7;in Rekombinant DNA Kullan&#x131;yor 

Rekombinant DNA teknolojisi, bir bilim insan&#x131;n&#x131;n ilgilenilen bir genin veya bir protein &#xFC;r&#xFC;n&#xFC;n&#xFC;n bir&#xE7;ok kopyas&#x131;na ihtiyac&#x131; oldu&#x11F;unda &#xF6;zellikle avantajl&#x131;d&#x131;r. Bununla birlikte, bir bilim adam&#x131;n&#x131;n ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmas&#x131;, istenen proteinin saptanmas&#x131; veya safla&#x15F;t&#x131;r&#x131;lmas&#x131; gibi ek bir karma&#x15F;&#x131;kl&#x131;k d&#xFC;zeyi gerektirebilir. Bu amaca ula&#x15F;mak i&#xE7;in, bir ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmac&#x131;, bir f&#xFC;zyon geni veya kimerik gen olu&#x15F;turmak i&#xE7;in istenen proteine bir gen &#xFC;r&#xFC;n&#xFC;n&#xFC; tan&#x131;mlamak i&#xE7;in kullan&#x131;lan bir etiket veya raport&#xF6;r ve proteinler ekleyebilir.

<h4>T&#x131;p ve Tar&#x131;mdaki Uygulamalar</h4>

Bilim adamlar&#x131; ilk olarak bakterilerde insan ins&#xFC;lini &#xFC;retmek i&#xE7;in rekombinant DNA teknolojisini kulland&#x131; ve sonu&#xE7;ta diyabet tedavisi sa&#x11F;lad&#x131;. Bu ilk ke&#x15F;iften bu yana, ara&#x15F;t&#x131;rmac&#x131;lar terap&#xF6;tik kullan&#x131;m i&#xE7;in ba&#x15F;ka rekombinant DNA&#x27;lar &#xFC;rettiler. Rekombinant bakteriler, b&#xFC;y&#xFC;me hormonu eksikli&#x11F;i olan hastalar&#x131; tedavi etmek i&#xE7;in normal b&#xFC;y&#xFC;me ve geli&#x15F;me i&#xE7;in gerekli bir protein olan insan b&#xFC;y&#xFC;me hormonunu yapar. &#x130;nsanlardan ve hamsterlerden t&#xFC;retilen rekombinant memeli h&#xFC;creleri, hemofili hastalar&#x131;n&#x131; tedavi etmek i&#xE7;in normal kan p&#x131;ht&#x131;la&#x15F;mas&#x131; i&#xE7;in gerekli bir protein olan Fakt&#xF6;r VIII&#x27;i &#xFC;retir. A&#xE7;&#x131;k&#xE7;a g&#xF6;r&#xFC;l&#xFC;yor ki, rekombinant DNA teknolojisi, temel proteinlerin b&#xFC;y&#xFC;k &#xF6;l&#xE7;ekli &#xFC;retimi i&#xE7;in g&#xFC;&#xE7;l&#xFC; bir ara&#xE7;t&#x131;r.

Rekombinant DNA teknolojisindeki tar&#x131;msal geli&#x15F;meler, insan refah&#x131;n&#x131; da etkiliyor. &#xD6;rne&#x11F;in, m&#x131;s&#x131;r &#xE7;ift&#xE7;ileri, zararl&#x131; Avrupa m&#x131;s&#x131;r kurdu nedeniyle &#xF6;nemli &#xF6;l&#xE7;&#xFC;de mahsul hasar&#x131;na u&#x11F;rad&#x131;. Buna yan&#x131;t olarak bilim adamlar&#x131;, genetik olarak modifiye edilmi&#x15F;, ha&#x15F;ere diren&#xE7;li m&#x131;s&#x131;r olu&#x15F;turmak i&#xE7;in toprakta ya&#x15F;ayan bir bakteriden Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) &#x2014; genleri izole etti. Bacillus thuringiensis do&#x11F;al olarak insanlar, bitkiler veya di&#x11F;er hayvanlar i&#xE7;in de&#x11F;il, baz&#x131; b&#xF6;cekler i&#xE7;in toksik olan proteinler &#xFC;retir. Zararl&#x131;lara diren&#xE7;li Bt m&#x131;s&#x131;r&#x131;n&#x131;n piyasaya s&#xFC;r&#xFC;lmesi mahsul verimini art&#x131;rd&#x131; ve kimyasal b&#xF6;cek ilac&#x131; kullan&#x131;m&#x131;n&#x131; azaltt&#x131;. Bu t&#xFC;r tar&#x131;msal uygulamalar, k&#xFC;resel g&#x131;da tedarikinin kalitesini ve miktar&#x131;n&#x131; art&#x131;r&#x131;yor.

Rekombinant DNA

Overview

Scientists create recombinant DNA by combining DNA from different sources&#x2014;often, other species&#x2014;in the laboratory. DNA cloning allows ...

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recombinant dna in cloning and gmos

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture.

To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The most common vectors are plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that copy themselves separately from the cell’s chromosomal DNA. Scientists cut both the donor DNA and the vector at specific restriction sites using restriction enzymes. Then DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone where the insert joins the plasmid.

The final product is a recombinant DNA molecule with a vector carrying an inserted piece of donor DNA. Scientists can put this hybrid DNA into a host organism, usually bacteria or yeast. The host then replicates the DNA quickly, making many copies of the gene of interest. In some cases, the host’s machinery also transcribes and translates the gene into a protein, such as human insulin.

Creating recombinant DNA is not always perfect. The vector may close without taking in the insert, or the insert may end up in the wrong direction. Before moving on, researchers check for these errors. Nucleotide sequencing helps them find bacteria colonies that contain plasmids with the correct insert.

Recombinant DNA is useful when scientists need many copies of a gene or a protein product. Some projects need extra steps, such as making the protein easier to detect or purify. For that reason, researchers may attach a tag or reporter protein to create a fusion gene, also called a chimeric gene.

This technology has major uses in medicine and agriculture. Scientists first used recombinant DNA to make human insulin in bacteria for diabetes treatment. They also use recombinant bacteria to produce human growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency. Recombinant mammalian cells, from humans and hamsters, make Factor VIII to treat hemophilia. In agriculture, scientists used genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, to create pest-resistant corn. Bt proteins are toxic to certain insects, not humans, plants, or other animals, so Bt corn can improve crop yields and reduce chemical pesticide use.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

Gene therapy is a technique used to treat serious disease by adding a gene to a person’s cells. The added gene may be a healthy copy of a mutated gene. It may also be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the disease-causing gene. One example is severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, caused by a mutation in the gene for adenosine deaminase. In that case, a working copy of the gene can be inserted so the patient’s cells make the enzyme again. This can cure the disease in some...

embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

See how scientists build recombinant DNA with plasmids, restriction enzymes, and ligase, then use it to make proteins and GMOs in medicine and farming.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

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