Name: reprogramming mature cells into stem cells
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

- [Anlatıcı] Uyarılmış pluripotent kök hücreler, yani iPSC'ler, cilt hücreleri gibi farklılaşmamış embriyonik kök hücrelere benzer olmaları amacıyla laboratuar ortamında yeniden programlanan olgun ve farklılaşmış hücrelerdir.
 Yani, bölünürler ve pluripotentlerdir; vücutta herhangi bir hücre tipini üretebilirler.
 Örneğin zarar görmüş retin dokusunu onarmada kullanılan retina hücreleri.
İPSC'leri oluşturmak için, cilt fibroblastları gibi olgun hücreler, bir hastadan alınıp kültüre eklenir.
 Daha sonra, tipik olarak, transkripsiyon faktörleri için genler, viral vektörler tarafından, genomun içine dahil oldukları hücre çekirdeğine iletilir.
 Transkripsiyon faktörleri daha sonra embriyonik kök hücreler tarafından ifade edilen genlere döner ve onları etkin bir şekilde genel hale getirip pluripotent durumuna döndürürler.
Hücreler artık bölünebilir ve ideal olarak kültürde belirli bir hücre tipini üretmek üzere kullanılabilirler.
 Yeni hücreler daha sonra hasar veya hastalığı tedavi etmede en az ret ihtimaliyle hastaya geri verilirler çünkü bunlar aslında hastanın kendi hücreleridir.

Hamazaki, Takashi, Nihal El Rouby, Natalie C. Fredette, Katherine E. Santostefano ve Naohiro Terada. "Kısa İnceleme: Hassas Tıp Çağında İndüklenmiş Pluripotent Kök Hücre Araştırması." Kök Hücreler (Dayton, Ohio) 35, no. 3 (Mart 2017): 545–50. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2570" target="__blank">Source</a>].

İndüklenmiş pluripotent kök hücreler

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

"Kök hücreler, farklı hücre türlerini üreten farklılaşmamış hücrelerdir. Normalde, belirli bir hücre tipine farklılaşmış hücreler post-mitotiktir, yani artık bölünmezler. Bununla birlikte, bilim adamları bu olgun hücreleri yeniden programlamanın bir yolunu buldular ve böylece " geri-farklılaşmalarını" ve non-spesifik, proliferatif bir duruma geri dönmelerini sağladılar. Bu hücreler aynı zamanda embriyonik kök hücreler gibi pluripotentir; tüm hücre tipleri üretebilirler ve bu nedenle indüklenmiş pluripotent kök hücre (iPKH) şeklinde adlandırılırlar.

İPKH'ler tıpta potansiyel olarak değerlidir çünkü belirli bir hücre tipine ihtiyacı olan bir hastaya (örneğin, makula dejenerasyonu nedeniyle retinası hasar görmüş bir kişiye) kendi vücudundaki başka bir hücre tipinden üretilen gerekli hücreler nakledilebilir. Buna otolog transplantasyon denir ve dokular bireyler arasında nakledildiğinde ortaya çıkabilecek organ nakli reddi riskini azaltır.

<h4>Süreç</h4>

İPKH oluşturmak için, bir kişinin deri fibroblast veya hücreleri gibi olgun hücreler kültür ortamında yetiştirilir. Daha sonra, birden fazla transkripsiyon faktörü içeren genler bir viral vektör kullanılarak hücrelere verilir ve transkripsiyon faktörü proteinleri hücrenin kendi mekanizmaları ile ürettirilir. Bu transkripsiyon faktörleri daha sonra embriyonik kök hücreler tarafından üretilen diğer birçok genlere dönüşebilir ve böylece hücreleri farklılaşmamış, proliferatif ve pluripotent duruma geri döndürebilirler.

Hala İKKH'lerin gerçekten embriyonik kök hücrelere eşdeğer olup olmadığı araştırılmaktadır fakat oldukça benzemektedirler çünkü vücudun her üç germ katmanına ait hücreleri üretebilir. Diğer kök hücre türlerinde olduğu gibi, bilim adamları belirli hücre türlerinin İPKH'lerden verimli bir şekilde nasıl üretileceğini, böylece gerekli hücre tiplerinin yeterli miktarlarda üretilebilmesi konusunu araştırmaktadır.

<h4>Erken Klinik Çalışmalar</h4>

İlk klinik çalışmada, İPKH'lerden elde edilen retina hücreleri yaşa bağlı makula dejenerasyonu olan hastalara nakledildi. O zamandan beri, parkinson hastalığı, kalp hastalığı ve omurilik yaralanması tedavisi için çeşitli İPKH klinik çalışmaları onaylanmıştır. Hastalardan alınan ve İPKH'ye dönüştürülen hücreler de laboratuvarda hastalıkları incelemek için kullanılmaktadır. Genel olarak, İPKH'ler bilimsel araştırmalar için kök hücrelerin Farklı bir kaynak sağlamaktadır."

İndüklenmiş Pluripotent Kök Hücreler

Kök hücreler, bölünen ve farklı hücre türleri üreten farklılaşmamış hücrelerdir. Normalde, belirli bir hücreye farklılaşmış hücreler ...

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reprogramming mature cells into stem cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types.

To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make those transcription factor proteins, which switch on other genes that are active in embryonic stem cells and return the cells to a proliferative, undifferentiated, and pluripotent state.

iPSCs may be useful in medicine because they can come from a patient’s own body. For example, cells needed to repair a damaged retina in age-related macular degeneration could be made from that same patient’s cells. This autologous transplantation lowers the risk of transplant rejection that can happen when tissue is moved between different people.

Scientists are still studying whether iPSCs are truly equivalent to embryonic stem cells, but they appear to be similar and can produce cells from all three germ layers. Researchers are also working on ways to direct iPSCs to become specific cell types in efficient amounts. Early clinical trials have used iPSC-derived retinal cells for macular degeneration, and other trials have been approved for Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, and spinal cord injury. Patient cells turned into iPSCs are also helping scientists study disease in the lab.

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

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Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how mature cells are reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells, why iPSCs matter for transplants, and how they are used in research and clinical trials.

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells | JoVE K12

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Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

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