Name: how virus mutations drive outbreaks
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:24.000Z
Duration: 36 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-8

Viral Mutations

- [Eğitmen] Kopyalama sırasında, virüsler mutasyon, yani genetik malzemedeki kalıcı değişimler sonucu genetik olarak evrilebilir.
 RNA söz konusuysa, kendiliğinden oluşan hatalar daha fazla görülür, çünkü kopyalama için düzeltme yapmayan ters transkriptaz enzimi gerekir.
 Bu da hızlı evrim ve ilaç direnci ihtimalinin yükselmesine neden olur.
İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü yani HIV'de olan durum budur, bu nedenle onunla savaşmak zordur.

Quan, Chuansong, Weifeng Shi, Yang Yang, Yongchun Yang, Xiaoqing Liu, Wen Xu, Hong Li, et al. "H7N9 İnfluenza Virüsünden Yeni Tehditler: Beşinci Dalgada Yüksek Genomik Çeşitliliğe Sahip Yüksek ve Düşük Patojenite Varyantlarının Yayılması ve Evrimi." Viroloji Dergisi 92, no. 11 (1 Haziran 2018): e00301-18. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00301-18" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

viral mutasyonlar

Mutasyon, bir genomdaki DNA veya RNA bazlarının dizisindeki bir değişikliktir. Bazı mutasyonlar, DNA veya RNA'yı kopyalayan polimeraz enzimleri tarafından yapılan hatalar nedeniyle genomun replikasyonu sırasında ortaya çıkar. DNA polimerazından farklı olarak, RNA polimeraz hatalara daha eğilimlidir, çünkü yaptığı işi “düzeltme” yeteneğine sahip değildir. Bu nedenle, HIV gibi RNA bazlı genomlara sahip virüsler, DNA bazlı genomlara sahip virüslerden daha hızlı mutasyona uğrarlar. Mutasyon ve rekombinasyon adaptif evrim için hammadde sağladığından, RNA bazlı virüsler antiviral ilaçlara karşı direnci hızla geliştirebilir.

<h4>Mutasyonları Karşılaştırmak Evrimi Yeniden Yapılandırmamızı Sağlar</h4>

Modern biyolojideki önemli bir amaç, genom dizilerini karşılaştırarak evrimsel tarihi ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu analizlerin önemli bir pratik uygulaması, hastalığa neden olan virüslerde evrim çalışmasıdır. Genom dizilimi çalışmak o kadar hızlı ve ulaşılabilir hale geldi ki, bir hastalık salgını sırasında virüslerin kökenlerini ve devam eden evrimini araştırmak artık mümkün.

Örneğin, 2013 yılında, Çin'de insanlarda ciddi solunum yolu hastalığına neden olan H7N9 adı verilen yeni bir kuş gribi türü ortaya çıktı. İnsanlardan ve birkaç kuş türünden izole edilen virüslerdeki mutasyonları karşılaştırarak, araştırmacılar bu grip suşunun atasının muhtemelen tavuklara bulaşmadan önce Çin yerli ördek popülasyonlarından kaynaklandığını gösterebildiler. Atalarının suşu daha sonra insanları enfekte eden H7N9 suşu oluşturmak için diğer kuş virüsleriyle yeniden birleşti. Bu analizler, canlı kümes hayvanları pazarlarını insan enfeksiyonlarının muhtemel kaynağı olarak tanımladı. Ayrıca, H7N9 suşunun evrimini araştırırken, araştırmacılar insanları enfekte edebilecek ek bir kuş gribi türü buldular. Bu çalışma, mutasyonların evrimsel analizlerinin bir salgın sırasında epidemiyologlara nasıl kritik bilgiler sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir.

Viral Mutasyonlar

Mutasyon, bir genomdaki DNA veya RNA baz dizisindeki bir değişikliktir. Bazı mutasyonlar, genomun replikasyonu sırasında yapılan hatalar nedeniyle meydana gelir.

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Genetics

Genetik

Viruses

Virüsler

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

how virus mutations drive outbreaks

Virus mutations can change how quickly a virus evolves and spreads. A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Some mutations happen when the genome is copied. They are caused by errors made by polymerase enzymes, which replicate DNA or RNA.

RNA viruses often change faster than DNA viruses because RNA polymerase does not proofread its work. That means RNA-based genomes, such as HIV, can gather mutations more quickly. Mutation and recombination give viruses the raw material for adaptive evolution. As a result, RNA-based viruses can sometimes evolve resistance to antiviral drugs.

Scientists also use mutations to trace how viruses evolve over time. By comparing genome sequences, researchers can reconstruct evolutionary history. This is especially useful during disease outbreaks because genome sequencing is now fast and inexpensive. It helps scientists study where a virus came from and how it is changing.

The 2013 H7N9 avian influenza outbreak in China is one example. By comparing viruses from humans and several bird species, researchers found that the ancestor likely came from domestic ducks in China before spreading to chickens. That ancestral virus later recombined with other bird viruses to form the H7N9 strain that infected humans. The analysis also pointed to live poultry markets as the likely source of human infections and revealed another avian flu strain that may also infect humans.

How Virus Mutations Drive Outbreaks

what are viruses?

How Viruses Infect Cells and Multiply

Viruses infect cells and make new copies by using a host cell’s own machinery. A virus is a tiny infectious particle with an RNA or DNA genome inside a protective protein coat. It cannot reproduce on its own, so it must enter a cell to make more viruses. After infection, the virus sheds its protein coat and uses the host cell to transcribe and translate its genetic material. The cell then assembles many new viral particles. In many cases, these new viruses rupture the host cell and kill it.

viral structure

How Virus Shapes Help Infection

Viruses have specific structures that help them infect host cells and trigger immune responses. Each virus has a core that contains either a DNA-based or RNA-based genome. That core is surrounded by a protective protein coat called the capsid. The capsid is made of smaller subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and the genome-containing core together are called the nucleocapsid. Viruses are often grouped by capsid design. Most viruses have either icosahedral or helical capsids, but some have...

lytic cycle of bacteriophages

How Phages Infect and Burst Bacteria

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that infect bacteria. They have a distinctive head-tail shape. In the lytic cycle, a phage first attaches to the outside of a bacterial cell. Tail proteins bind to specific receptor proteins on the bacterium’s surface. After attachment, the phage tail injects its DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. The phage then uses the bacterium’s cellular machinery to make proteins needed for replication and dispersal. When phage replication is complete, some of...

lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages

Prophage Integration in Bacteria

The lysogenic cycle shows how bacteriophages can infect bacteria without killing the host right away. In this cycle, the phage genome joins the bacterial genome. The integrated phage DNA is called a prophage, and the bacterium copies it each time it replicates. Some prophages can switch back into the lytic cycle. This change can happen after DNA damage or even without an obvious outside trigger. When the prophage is induced, the phage begins making new virus particles again. Prophages can...

retrovirus life cycles

How Retroviruses Replicate in Host Cells

Retroviruses replicate by copying their RNA genome into DNA inside a host cell. After entry, the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase makes a double-stranded DNA copy from the single-stranded RNA genome. The viral DNA is then carried into the nucleus and inserted into the host genome by integrase. Once integrated, the retroviral DNA is transcribed whenever the host genome is transcribed. This produces new viral RNA that can be copied and used again. The new RNA moves into the cytoplasm, where it...

viral recombination

How Viruses Swap Genes and Spread

Viral gene swapping can happen when more than one virus infects the same cell. After the viruses break open and expose their genomes for replication, matching regions can pair up and exchange sequences. This process is called recombination. Viruses with segmented genomes can also swap whole segments, which is called reassortment. These changes can help create new diseases. Some diseases can infect more than one species. Pigs can be infected by some human and bird viruses, along with the...

viral mutations

Virus mutations can change how quickly a virus evolves and spreads. A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA. Some mutations happen when the genome is copied. They are caused by errors made by polymerase enzymes, which replicate DNA or RNA. RNA viruses often change faster than DNA viruses because RNA polymerase does not proofread its work. That means RNA-based genomes, such as HIV, can gather mutations more quickly. Mutation and recombination give viruses the raw material...

key terms and concepts

Learn how RNA and DNA virus mutations differ, why RNA viruses evolve fast, and how genome sequencing helps track outbreaks like H7N9 influenza.

How Virus Mutations Drive Outbreaks | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core serisi, biyolojinin ana konseptlerini açıklayan 300 adet kısa ve kolay anlaşılabilir olan video dersleriyle ve günümüz laboratuvarlarında yürütülen gerçek araştırmaları gösteren 150'den fazla \"bilim insanları iş başında\" videolarıyla biyolojiye hayat vermektedir.

Next Generation Science Standards

Life Science

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.5

BIO.5.D

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Entomology

SEN4.

SEN4.a

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HS-LS1-1

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HS-LS1-2

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HS-LS1-3

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HS-LS1-4

How Virus Mutations Drive Outbreaks

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