Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is the Skeletal System?

- [Anlatıcı] İnsan iskeletini oluşturan kemikler, vücuda şekil verip bir arada tutan sağlam bir çerçeve görevi görmekle kalmaz, ayrıca hareket etme imkanı sağlar, çünkü kemikler tendonlar ile kaslara bağlanmıştır.
 Ana bölümlerden biri olan aksiyel iskelet vücudun merkez ekseni etrafında şekillenmiştir.
 Üst gövdenin bu kısmında orta kulaktaki kemikçikler dahil olmak üzere çok sayıda kemik bulunur ve bunların çoğu hayati organları hasarlara karşı korur.
Örneğin, kafatası beyni çevreler, omurga ise omuriliğin etrafını sarmıştır ve merkezi sinir sistemini korur.
 Kalp ve akciğerler gibi bazı diğer organlar sternum ve göğüs kafesi ile korunur.
 Diğer bölüm, yani apendiküler iskelet ise vücut uzantılarını destekleyen kemiklerden oluşur, bunlara eller ve kollar, ayaklar ve bacaklar, omuz kemeri ve pelvis kemeri dahildir.

Kling, Juliana M., Bart L. Clarke ve Nicole P. Sandhu. "Osteoporozun Önlenmesi, Taranması ve Tedavisi: Bir İnceleme." Kadın Sağlığı Dergisi 23, no. 7 (1 Temmuz 2014): 563–72. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

Akkawi, İbrahim ve Hassan Zmerly. "Osteoporoz: Güncel Kavramlar." Eklemler 6, hayır. 2 (14 Haziran 2018): 122–27. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790" target="__blank">Kaynak</a>]

İskelet sistemi nedir?

<h4>Genel Bakış</h4>

Yetişkin insan iskeleti, kıkırdak, tendon ve bağlarla bağlanan 206 kemikten oluşur. İskelet, insan vücudu için sert bir çerçeve sağlar, iç organları korur ve hareket yeteneği sağlar. İnsan iskelet sistemi aksiyal ve apendiküler iskeletlerden oluşur. Kemik dokusu, genel sağlık için gerekli olan özel kemik hücreleri tarafından sürekli olarak yıkılır ve yeniden oluşturulur. Düzensiz kemik hücreleri ve kandaki kimyasal bileşiklerin yanlış seviyeleri kemik hastalıklarına yol açar.

<h4>Aksiyal İskelet</h4>

Aksiyal iskelet 80 kemikten oluşur ve üç bölgeye ayrılır: kafatası, vertebral kolon ve göğüs kafesi. Kafatasının üst kısmı (kranyum) beyni çevreleyen sekiz kemikten oluşurken, alt kısım 14 kemikten oluşur. Vertebral kolon 33 vertebradan oluşur: yedi servikal, 12 torasik, beş lomber, beş kaynaşmış sakral vertebra ve dört kaynaşmış koksigeal vertebra.

Göğüs kafesi vertebral kolona stabilite katar ve ayrıca akciğerleri ve kalbi korur. Kostovertebral eklem yoluyla torasik vertebraya bağlanan 12 çift kaburgadan oluşur. Göğüs kafesinin ön kısmı, kostal kıkırdaklar yoluyla sternuma (göğsün ön kısmının ortasındaki düz kemik) bağlanır. Her iki taraftaki ilk yedi kaburga, kıkırdakları doğrudan sternuma bağlandığından gerçek kaburga olarak bilinir. Sekizden 12'ye kadar olan kaburgalara sahte kaburgalar denir, çünkü doğrudan sternuma yapışmazlar. Ancak, sekiz, dokuz ve onuncu kaburgalar yukarıdaki kaburgalar üzerinden sternuma bağlanır. On birinci ve 12’nci kaburgalar yüzen kaburgalar olarak adlandırılır, çünkü bunlar sadece arkadaki vertebral kolona bağlanır, ancak sternum ile bağlantıları yoktur.

<h4>Apendiküler İskelet</h4>

Ek iskelet sistemi aksiyal iskelete eklenen uzuvlara ait 126 kemikten oluşur. Apekdiküler iskelet sistemi birkaç farklı kemik türlerinden oluşur.

<h4>Kemik Dokusu ve Hücreler</h4>

Kemik, osseöz doku olarak bilinir. Kemik dokusunun hücreleri, kemiklere güç ve sertlik sağlayan madde olan matriste dağılır. Matris, organik bileşenlerden (esas olarak kollajen) ve kalsiyum fosfat, kalsiyum hidroksit ve magnezyum florür gibi kristalize mineral tuzları içeren inorganik bileşenlerden oluşur.

Üç ana kemik hücresi türü vardır: osteoblastlar, osteoklastlar ve osteositler. Osteoblastlar ve osteoklastlar zıt işlevlere sahiptir. Osteoblastlar kemik matrisini oluştururken, osteoklastlar onu yıkar. Her iki işlev de yaşam boyunca devam eder ve her ikisi de sağlık için gereklidir. Kemik oluşturmak, kemikleri güçlü tutmak için önemlidir; kemiğin yıkılması ise, kan dolaşımındaki kalsiyum seviyelerinin (kalp gibi diğer organların sağlığı için hayati önem taşır) korunmasına izin gereklidir.

Osteositler, osteoblastlardan olgunlaşan ve matriks ile çevrili hücrelerdir. Osteositler, kandaki kalsiyum ve diğer minerallerin seviyelerini algılayarak kemikteki mikroskobik kanallar yoluyla kanla iletişim kurar. Daha sonra bu hücrelerin aktivitesini etkileyen maddeleri salgılayarak osteoblastların ve osteoklastların işlevlerini kontrol ederler.

<h4>Kemik Hastalıkları</h4>

İskelet sisteminin birçok hastalığının ortak bir özelliği vardır: zayıf mineral içeriği nedeniyle zayıf kemikler. Örneğin, kemik mineral yoğunluğunda bir azalma ile karakterize olan osteoporoz. Osteoporoz en sık postmenopozal kadınlarda görülür, ancak erkeklerde ve premenopozal kadınlarda da ortaya çıkabilir. Bu hastalıkta osteoblast aktivitesinden daha fazla osteoklast vardır. Osteoporozu olan hastalarda, özellikle omurga, kalça ve el bileği kırıkları riski büyük ölçüde artmıştır.

Bir başka yaygın kemik hastalığı renal osteodistrofidir. Bu hastalık, kronik böbrek hastalığında mineral ve kemik bozukluğu olarak bilinen daha büyük bir durumun bir parçasıdır. Böbrekler, kemik sağlığı için kritik olan kalsiyum, fosfor ve D vitamininin düzenlenmesi de dahil olmak üzere birçok işlevi yerine getirir. Böbrekler diyabetik böbrek hastalığında olduğu gibi düzgün çalışmadığında, kemikler zayıflayabilir ve ağrılı hale gelebilir ve ayrıca eklemler de ağrılı hale gelebilir.

İskelet Sistemi Nedir?

Genel bakış

Yetişkin insan iskeleti, kıkırdak, tendonlar ve bağlarla birbirine bağlanan 206 kemikten oluşur. İskelet sert bir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biyoloji

Human Biology

İnsan Biyolojisi

Musculoskeletal System

Kas İskelet Sistemi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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