Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

Sosyal bir ortamda, insanlar genellikle cinsiyet gibi bir kategoriye veya bazı özel ilgi alanlarına dayalı olsun, gruplar halinde kümelenirler.

Bu tür bir kategorizasyon, diğer üyelere karşı kayırmacılık ve duygusal bağlantılara neden olabilir - sosyal dünyayı "biz" ve "onlar" olarak ayırmak - yani, bir grup içi - bireylerin ait olarak tanımladığı belirli bir birim - bir dış gruba karşı - temelde farklı olarak görülen insanlar kümesi.

Bu durumda, herkes kendi grubu içinde komuta eden kimlik ve benlik saygısı kaynaklarıyla donanmıştır ve güçlü bağlar grup içi önyargılar yaratabilir - bağlı grup için diğer gruplara göre tercihler.

Bireyler olumlu benlik görüşlerini sürdürdükçe, belirli grup içindekileri korumak için önyargı ve ayrımcılık ortaya çıkabilir.

Sonuç olarak, iç grup daha sonra algıladıkları herhangi bir talihsizlik için dış grubu suçlayabilir. Bu kavrama günah keçisi bulma denir - grup içi bir sonucu elde etmede herhangi bir rahatsızlık veya iddia edilen tehdit yaşadığında bir dış grubu suçlama eylemi.

İyi haber şu ki, sosyal istikrarsızlık gruplar arasında uzlaştırılabilir. Örneğin, kasıtlı iletişim yoluyla, iç grup, olumlu değişimi teşvik etmek için dış grubun deneyimlerini tanıyabilir ve empati kurabilir.

grup İçi ve dışı

İnsanların hepsi bir cinsiyete, ırka, yaşa ve sosyal ekonomik gruba aittir. Bu gruplar, kimliğimiz ve benlik saygımız için güçlü bir kaynak sağlar (Tajfel ve Turner, 1979) ve iç gruplarımız olarak hizmet eder. Grup içi, kendimizi özdeşleştirdiğimiz veya ait olarak gördüğümüz bir gruptur.

Ait olmadığımız bir grup, bir dış grup, bizden temelde farklı olarak gördüğümüz bir gruptur. Örneğin, kadınsanız, grup içi cinsiyetiniz tüm kadınları, dış grubunuzdaki cinsiyet ise tüm erkekleri içerir. İnsanlar genellikle cinsiyet gruplarını kişilik özellikleri, özellikler, sosyal roller ve ilgi alanları açısından temelde birbirinden farklı olarak görürler.

Genellikle iç gruplarımıza karşı güçlü bir aidiyet ve duygusal bağ duygusu hissettiğimiz için, grup içi önyargı geliştiririz: kendi grubumuzu diğer gruplara göre tercih ederiz. Bu grup içi önyargı, önyargı ve ayrımcılığa neden olabilir, çünkü dış grup farklı olarak algılanır ve iç grubumuzdan daha az tercih edilir. Önyargının bir işlevi, kendimiz hakkında iyi hissetmemize ve olumlu bir benlik kavramını sürdürmemize yardımcı olmaktır. Kendimiz hakkında iyi hissetme ihtiyacı, grup içi gruplarımıza da uzanır: İyi hissetmek ve grup içi gruplarımızı korumak isteriz. Tehditleri bireysel olarak ve grup içi düzeyde çözmeye çalışıyoruz. Bu genellikle sorun için bir dış grubu suçlayarak olur. Günah keçisi, grup içi hayal kırıklığı yaşadığında veya bir hedef elde etmesi engellendiğinde bir dış grubu suçlama eylemidir (Allport, 1954).

Sadece grupları çatışmaya itiyor gibi görünen grup dinamiklerine rağmen, gruplar arasında uzlaşmayı teşvik eden güçler var: empati ifadesi, her iki tarafta da geçmişte yaşanan acıların kabulü ve yıkıcı davranışların durdurulması.

Bu videodaki kediler ve tavşanlar

Kediler ve tavşanlar burada bir metafor olarak kullanıldı ve seçtiğiniz iç ve dış grupları temsil etti. Örneğin, bir spor hayranıysanız, belki takımınızı rakip bir takıma karşı düşünebilirsiniz.   

 

Bu metin <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, Psychology bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır. Stax CNX'i açın.</a>

Grup İçi ve Dışı

İnsanların hepsi bir cinsiyete, ırka, yaşa ve sosyal ekonomik gruba aittir. Bu gruplar, kimliğimiz ve benlik saygımız için güçlü bir kaynak sağlar (Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Sosyal Psikoloji

Foundations of Social Psychology

Sosyal Psikolojinin Temelleri

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Kalıp Yargılar, Önyargılar ve Ayrımcılık

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

social psychology

JoVE Core Sosyal Psikoloji, sosyal dünyamızın temellerini hayata geçiriyor. 66 kısa ve anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu video dersi ile temel kavramları açıklıyoruz. Ayrıca, 25 adet bilim insanının rol aldığı videoda, laboratuvarda gerçekleştirilen klasik ve orijinal araştırma deneylerini gösteriyoruz.

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3.1.9-12.I

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3.1.9-12.L

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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