Name: matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 3 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Energy

PS.Chm.7.1

Classifying Matter by Composition

Madde, maddenin en küçük temel birimi olan atomlardan ve iki veya daha fazla atomun bir araya gelmesiyle oluşan moleküllerden oluşur. Bileşimine bağlı olarak madde iki gruba ayrılabilir:saf maddeler ve karışımlar. Tanımı olarak, bir maddenin baştan sona tekdüze bir yapıda ve tek bir bileşenden yapılmış olması halinde saf olduğu kabul edilir.Örneğin, hidrojeni ele alalım. Hidrojen, yalnızca hidrojen atomlarından oluşur. Benzer şekilde, su sadece su moleküllerinden oluşur.Bu saf haldeki maddeler, numuneden numuneye değişiklik göstermez. Saf maddeler, parçalanıp parçalanmayacağına bağlı olarak iki tipte sınıflandırılabilir:elementler ve bileşikler. Elementler, kimyasal yollarla daha basit maddelere ayrılamayan saf maddelerdir.Örneğin, hidrojen bir elementtir. Bunun aksine bileşikler, yalnızca kimyasal yollarla bileşenlerine ayrılabilen maddelerdir. Örneğin, aynı zamanda saf bir madde olan su, kimyasal olarak iki temel maddeye ayrılabilir, yani bir bileşiktir.Dünyada bileşikler saf elementlerden daha yaygındır çünkü çoğu element diğer elementlerle kolayca birleşir. Örneğin, tahtaya yazmak için kullanılan tebeşir kalsiyum, karbon ve oksijenden;şeker ise karbon, hidrojen ve oksijenden oluşur. Saf maddelerden farklı olarak karışımlar bir veya daha fazla bileşenden oluşur.Karışımların oranları numuneden numuneye değişebilir. Örneğin limonata, üç bileşenin bir karışımıdır ve içeceğin tatlılık durumunu belirlemek için karışımların oranları değiştirilebilir. Karışımlar, içlerindeki maddelerin ne kadar düzenli karıştığına bağlı olarak homojen ve heterojen olmak üzere iki kategoriye ayrılabilir.Homojen bir karışım, düzenli bir bileşim sergiler ve görsel olarak her noktasından aynı görünür. Homojen karışımla genellikle çözelti olarak adlandırılır. Örneğin, suda eritilmiş bir kaşık tuz, bu karışımın her damlası aynı bileşime sahip olduğundan homojen bir karışım verir.Benzer şekilde limonata da homojen bir karışımdır. Heterojen bir karışımda, bileşenler düzenli olarak dağılmaz ve bu nedenle bileşim her yerinde aynı görünümde değildir. Örneğin, demir tozları ile kum karışımını düşünelim.Bu karışımın farklı kısımlarında muhtemelen farklı miktarlarda demir tozu ve kum bulunacaktır. Ne olursa olsun, homojen veya heterojen herhangi bir karışım, bileşenlerin kimliklerini değiştirmeden fiziksel yollarla saf bileşenlerine ayrılabilir. Örneğin, karışım kuruyana kadar ısıtılarak su çözeltisinden tuz geri kazanılabilir.Benzer şekilde, demir talaşları bir mıknatıs yardımı ile kumdan ayrılabilir.

maddenin İçeriğine göre sınıflandırılması

<h4>Madde: Saf Maddeler ve Karışımlar</h4>
 
 İçeriğine göre maddeler iki genel kategöriye ayrılabilirler- saf maddeler ve karışımlar.
 
 Saf bir madde, aynı özelliklerle sabit bir kompozisyona sahip bir madde şeklidir. Örneğin, sakarozun tüm örnekleri hangi kaynaktan alındığına bakılmaksızın, aynı kompozisyona ve erime noktası, renk ve tatlılık gibi fiziksel özelliklere sahip olacaktır.
 
 Bir karışım ise farklı oranlarda bulunabilen ve buharlaşma gibi fiziksel değişimler ile ayrıştırılabilen iki ya da daha fazla madde içerir. Karışımdaki bileşenler kendi özel karakterlerine sahiptir.
 
 <h4>Saf Maddeler: Elementler ve Bileşikler</h4>
 
 Saf maddeler iki sınıfa ayrılabilir: elementler ve bileşikler. Kimyasal değişiklikler ile daha basit bileşenlere ayrılamayan maddelere elementler denir. Demir, gümüş, altın, aluminyum, sülfür, oksijen ve bakır elementtir.
 
 Kimyasal değişimler ile bölünebilen saf maddelere ise bileşikler adı verilir. Bu ayrışma sonucu ortaya elementler, diğer bişelikler ya da her ikisi de çıkabilir. Turuncu, kristalimsi bir katı olan cıva(II) oksit, ısı ile cıva ve oksijen elementlerine ayrılabilir. Hava yokluğunda ısıtıldığında sakaroz bileşiği, karbon elementine ve su bileşiğine ayrılır. Gümüş(I) klorür, ışığın emilimi ile elementlerine, gümüş ve klora ayrılabilen beyaz bir katıdır.
 
 Birleştirilmiş elementlerin özellikleri, serbest veya birleştirilmemiş durumdakilerden farklıdır. Örneğin, beyaz kristal şeker (sükroz), birleştirilmemiş formlarından birinde siyah bir katı olan karbon elementinin ve birleştirilmemiş olduğunda renksiz gazlar olan iki element hidrojen ve oksijenin kimyasal kombinasyonundan kaynaklanan bir bileşiktir. Yumuşak, parlak, metalik bir katı bir element olan serbest sodyum ve sarı-yeşil bir gaz haldeki element olan serbest klor, beyaz, kristalimsi katı bir bileşik olan sodyum klorür (sofra tuzu) oluşturmak üzere birleşir.
 
 <h4>Karışımlar: Homojenler ve Heterojenler</h4>
 
 Çözelti olarak da adlandırılan homojen bir karışım, her yerinde eşit bir bileşim sergiler ve görsel olarak aynı görünür. Çözeltiye bir örnek,su, şeker, renklendirici, tatlandırıcı ve elektrotitler içeren ve homojen şekilde karıştırılmış bir sporcu içeceğidir.
 
 Bir sporcu içeceğinin her damlası aynı tada sahiptir, çünkü her damla aynı miktarda su, şeker ve diğer bileşenleri içerir. Bir sporcu içeceğinin bileşiminin değişebileceğini unutmayalım- biraz daha fazla veya daha az şeker, tatlandırıcı veya diğer bileşenlerle hazırlanabilir ve yine de bir sporcu içeceği olacaktır. Homojen karışımların diğer örnekleri arasında hava, akçaağaç şurubu, benzin ve suda bir tuz çözeltisi bulunur.
 
 Farklı noktalarında farklı içeriklere sahip karışımlara heterojen karışımlar denir. İtalyan salata sosu bir heterojen karışım örneğidir. Kompozisyonu değişkenlik gösterebilir çünkü farklı miktarlardaki yağ, sirke ve otlardan hazırlanabilir. Tüm karışım boyunca aynı içeriğe sahip değildir- bir damlası çoğunlukla sirke iken, farklı bir damlası tamamen yağ ya da otlardan içerebilir çünkü yağ ve sirke ayrılacak ve otlar ise dibe çökecektir.
 
 Homojen ya da heterojen tüm karışımlar, komponentlerinin özellikleri değiştirilmeden, fiziksel araçlar ile bileşenlerine ayrılabilir. Doğada 100 kadar element olmasına rağmen, bu elementlerin farklı kombinasyonlarından oluşan on milyonlarca kimyasal bileşim mevcuttur. Tüm bileşikler spesifik kompozisyonlara sahiptir ve onları diğer karışımlardan ayıran spesifik kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikler sergilerler. Ve tabiki farklı karışımlar oluşturmak üzere element ve bileşikleri karıştırmanın sayısız yolu vardır.
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır: <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/1-2-phases-and-classification-of-matter"">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 1.2: Phases and Classification of Matter. </a>

Maddenin İçeriğine Göre Sınıflandırılması

Madde: Saf Maddeler ve Karışımlar
Bileşimine göre, madde iki geniş kategoriye ayrılabilir - saf maddeler ve ...

Education

JoVE Core

Kimya

Introduction: Matter and Measurement

Giriş: Madde ve Ölçüm

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

matter: elements, compounds, and mixtures

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from.

A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own identities, so the mixture is not a new substance in the same way a compound is.

Pure substances are divided into elements and compounds. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Iron, silver, gold, aluminum, sulfur, oxygen, and copper are examples of elements.

Compounds are pure substances that can be broken down by chemical changes. This breakdown may produce elements, other compounds, or both. Mercury(II) oxide can be heated to form mercury and oxygen, sucrose can break down into carbon and water when heated without air, and silver(I) chloride can be broken down by light into silver and chlorine.

The properties of combined elements are different from the properties of the elements in their free state. White crystalline sugar comes from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but those elements look very different when uncombined. Free sodium is a soft, shiny metal, and free chlorine is a yellow-green gas, yet together they form sodium chloride, a white crystalline solid.

Mixtures can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture, also called a solution, has a uniform composition and looks the same throughout. Sports drink is one example. It contains water, sugar, coloring, flavoring, and electrolytes mixed evenly, so each drop tastes the same. Its exact composition can still vary and remain a sports drink. Air, maple syrup, gasoline, and salt water are other homogeneous mixtures.

A heterogeneous mixture has a composition that varies from point to point. Italian dressing is one example, since the amounts of oil, vinegar, and herbs can differ and the parts may separate or settle. Chocolate chip cookies and granite are also heterogeneous mixtures because their different parts can be seen.

Any mixture, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be separated into pure components by physical means without changing what the components are. There are just over 100 elements, but they combine in many ways to form tens of millions of compounds. Each compound has a specific composition and its own chemical and physical properties. Elements, compounds, and mixtures can combine in countless ways to make matter.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

scientific laws and theories

How Science Explains Laws and Theories

Scientific laws and scientific theories describe science in two different ways. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement that summarizes many experimental observations. It describes or predicts aspects of the natural world that stay the same under the same conditions. A scientific theory is different because it explains why natural events happen. It is a unifying principle that gives a well-supported and testable explanation for a broad set of observations. Strong theories are the...

the scientific method

How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

Chemistry uses the scientific method to turn observations into testable answers. Scientists begin by observing a phenomenon in the physical world and then asking a question about it. This process helps explain everyday chemistry through evidence. A question leads to a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for what is being observed. Scientists often use earlier research and published literature to shape that idea. A strong hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported by...

physical and chemical properties of matter

physical-and-chemical-properties-of-matter

Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

what is energy?

Energy Forms and Conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

classifying matter by state

States of Matter and Their Properties

States of matter help describe how matter behaves in chemistry. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is found everywhere, including air, water, soil, mountains, and even our bodies. The three common states on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Its particles, such as atoms or molecules, are packed very closely together and held in place by strong forces, so they only vibrate slightly. This tight arrangement makes solids...

measurement: standard units

Measurement: SI Units and Conversions

Measurement gives three kinds of information: a number, a unit, and an estimate of uncertainty. The number shows size or magnitude. The unit gives a standard for comparison. The uncertainty reflects possible error in the measurement. Numbers can be written in more than one way. A value may appear in decimal form or in scientific notation, which is also called exponential notation. For example, the maximum take-off weight of a Boeing 777-200ER airliner is 298,000 kilograms, or 2.98 × 10^5 kg. <br...

classifying matter by composition

Matter can be grouped by composition into pure substances and mixtures. A pure substance has a constant composition throughout and uniform properties. For example, any sample of sucrose has the same composition and the same physical properties, such as melting point, color, and sweetness, no matter where it is isolated from. A mixture contains two or more kinds of matter in varying amounts. Its parts can be separated by physical changes, such as evaporation. The components keep their own...

measurement: derived units

SI Units, Density, and Property Types

SI units and derived units help describe physical properties in chemistry. The International System of Units, or SI system, uses agreed-upon base units for seven fundamental properties: length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, amount of substance, and luminosity. Units made by combining these base units are called SI-derived units. Speed is one example. If distance is measured in meters and time in seconds, the derived unit for speed is meters per second, or m/s. Miles per hour is...

dimensional analysis

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Dimensional analysis is a method for using conversion factors to cancel units and solve measurement problems. It is also called the factor label method. The main rule is that units must be treated the same way as the numbers attached to them. A conversion factor is a ratio of two equal quantities written in different units. For example, 1 meter is equal to 1.0936 yards. That relationship can be used to build a factor that converts one unit into the other. When a value is multiplied or divided...

uncertainty in measurement: accuracy and precision

uncertainty-in-measurement-accuracy-and-precision

Measurement Error: Reading Results Correctly

Measurement error affects how scientists judge the quality of their results. Repeated measurements help show whether results are precise and accurate. A measurement is precise when repeated values are very similar. A measurement is accurate when it is very close to the true or accepted value. Precise values agree with each other, while accurate values agree with the true value. A pharmaceutical quality control chemist can use this idea to check machines that dispense 500 mL of cough syrup. The...

uncertainty in measurement: reading instruments

uncertainty-in-measurement-reading-instruments

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Measurement uncertainty and significant figures show how carefully a value can be read from an instrument. Counting is different. If the number of objects does not change during counting, the result is exact. Defined quantities are exact too. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Most other measurements are not exact because the measuring process has limits. The result depends on the device used and on the person...

uncertainty in measurement: significant figures

uncertainty-in-measurement-significant-figures

Significant Figures and Rounding Rules

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key terms and concepts

Learn how matter is classified into elements, compounds, and mixtures. Explore pure substances, solutions, and examples like sports drink and Italian dressing.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Kimya, özlü ve kolay anlaşılır animasyon video derslerini kullanarak genel kimya kavramlarına hayat veriyor. Ek olarak, bilim insanı uygulama videolarımız ile klasik ve orijinal araştırma deneylerini dünya çapında günümüz laboratuvarlarında görselleştiriyoruz.

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

PS.PSc.1.3

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Crystallinity (crystal structure)

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.7

CH.7.a

Earth Science

ES.4

ES.4.a

PS.3

PS.3.a

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Earth and Space Science

HS.E1

HS.E1U1.12

HS.E1U1.13

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Earth's Place in the Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

CHEM.2

CHEM.2.A

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.PS.3.5

9-12.PS.3.5.a

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS1-5

HS-PS1-4

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

IPC.7.C

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS1-1

C-PS1-2

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

Earth’s Systems

E-ESS2-2.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Energy Basics

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First Law of Thermodynamics

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Internal Energy

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Quantifying Heat

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Enthalpy

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Thermochemical Equations

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Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Constant Volume Calorimetry

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PS.Chm.7.2

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PS.Chm.7.3

Understand the relationship among pressure, temperature, volume, and phase.

Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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