Name: halogens: trends and reactions
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:28.000Z
Duration: 3 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Matter and its Interactions

PS.PSc.1.6

Halogens

Halojenler, Grup 17'ye ait beş ametalik element olan flor, klor, brom, iyot ve astatinden oluşan bir gruptur. Halojen elementleri diatomik moleküller olarak bulunur. Oda sıcaklığında flor ve klor gazdır, brom sıvıdır ve iyot katıdır.Nadir ve oldukça radyoaktif bir katı olan beşinci element olan astatinin özellikleri hakkında çok fazla özellik bilinmemektedir. Element rengi gibi halojenlerin fiziksel özellikleri, grup içinde aşağı indikçe farklılık gösterir. Atom yarıçapı artan atom numarasıyla birlikte artar ve erime noktası ve kaynama noktası flordan iyoda doğru yükselme eğilimi gösterir.Bunun aksine, elektronegatiflik, reaktivite ve elektron afinitesi gibi periyodik özellikler grupta aşağı doğru azalır. Halojenlerin elektron konfigürasyonları, yedi valans elektronuna sahip olduklarını ve en yakın asal gaz konfigürasyonlarına ulaşmak için bir elektron eksik olduklarını gösterir. Bu nedenle, halojenler, oktetlerini tamamlamak için ek bir elektron kazanma eğilimi ile yüksek elektronegatif özellik sergilerler, bu da onları diğer gruplara kıyasla oldukça reaktif ve güçlü oksitleyici maddeler haline getirir.Halojenler arasında en güçlü oksitleyici flor ve en düşük olan iyottur. Halojenler ayrıca, oldukça negatif elektron ilgisi sergiler. Bu durum mol başına kilojul olarak ifade edilir ve negatif değer, reaksiyonun ekzotermik doğasını gösterir.Halojenler çoğu metalle reaksiyona girerek metal halojenürler verir. Örneğin, klor ve sodyum, iyonik bir bileşik olan sodyum klorürü üretmek üzere reaksiyona girer. Halojenler, genellikle hidrohalik asitler oluşturarak suda çözünen hidrojen halojenürler olarak adlandırılan polar kovalent bileşikler oluşturmak üzere hidrojen ile reaksiyona girer.Halojenler ayrıca suyla reaksiyona girer. Florun su ile reaksiyonu yüksek derecede ekzotermiktir ve hidrojen florür güçlü bir asit ve oksijen üretir. Ancak klor daha yavaş reaksiyona girerek hidroklorik asit ve güçlü bir oksitleyici ajan olan hipokloröz asit üretilir.Ek olarak, halojenler birbirleriyle reaksiyona girerek interhalojen bileşikler adı verilen ikili, kovalent bileşikler oluşturabilir. Örneğin brom, flor ile reaksiyona girerek brom triflorür oluşturur.

halojenler

Halojenler olarak bilinen 7A grubu elementleri ametallerdir. Oda sıcaklığında flor ve klor gazdır, brom sıvıdır ve iyot katıdır. Astatin oldukça kararsız bir radyoaktif elementtir, bu nedenle şu anda kısa yarı ömrü nedeniyle özelliklerinin çoğu bilinmemektedir. Tennessine de bu grupta yer aldığı tahmin edilen sentetik bir elementtir. 
 
 Halojenler tek atom olarak bulunmaz, ancak iki atomlu moleküller olarak bulunur. Atom yarıçapı florinden iyota doğru artar. Halojenlerin değerlik kabuğu elektron konfigürasyonu ns2np5'tir ve soy gaz konfigürasyonunu elde etmek için bir elektron kabul etme eğilimindedirler. Halojenlerin çeşitli özellikleri tablo 1'de listelenmiştir.
 
 Table 1: Halojenlerin Özellikleri.
 
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Element</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Elektron Konfigürasyonu</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Atom Yarıçapı (pm)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">IE1 (kJ/mol)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">EA (kJ/mol)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">25 °C'deki Yoğunluk</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Erime Noktası (°C)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">F</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">[He] 2s22p5</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">71</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">1680</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-328</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">1,70 g/L</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-219</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cl</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">[Ne] 3s23p5</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">99</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">1250</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-348</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">3,12 g/L</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-101</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Br</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">[Ar] 4s24p5</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">114</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">1140</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-324</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">3,19 g/cm3</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-7</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">I</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">[Kr] 5s25p5</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">133</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">1010</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">-295</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">3,96 g/cm3</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">114</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
 Halojenlerin elektron afiniteleri büyük negatif değerlere sahiptir; bu nedenle halojenler güçlü oksitleyici ajanlardır. Flor, grubun en negatif elektron ilgisine sahip en güçlü oksitleyici maddesidir. Halojenler, elektron kazanmak ve karşılık gelen metal halojenürü üretmek için metallerle reaksiyona girer. Örneğin, klor demir ile reaksiyona girerek demir klorür oluşturur ve sodyum ile sodyum klorür oluşturur. Halojenler hidrojen halojenürlerin suda çözünerek hidrohalik asit üretmek için hidrojen ile reaksiyona girer. Hidroflorik asit, en zayıf haloasittir. Flor, su ile kuvvetli bir şekilde reaksiyona girer. Reaksiyon oldukça ekzotermiktir ve oksijen üretir. Klorun su ile reaksiyonu daha az kuvvetlidir. Bu reaksiyonda üretilen hipokloröz asit, güçlü bir oksitleyici ajandır.
 
 Halojenler, çoğu ikili bileşik olan interhalojen bileşikler oluşturmak için birbirleriyle reaksiyona girerler. İnterhalojen bileşikler için genel moleküler formül ABn'dir; burada A daha yüksek atom numaralı halojendir ve tek bir sayıdır. Birkaç interhalojen bileşik örneği ICl, IBr, BrF, BrCl, ClF'dir. Halojenler, ticari açıdan önemli bileşikler oluşturmak için karbon ile reaksiyona girer.  Örneğin, etilen flor ile reaksiyona girerek perfloroetilen verir.
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır: <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/6-5-periodic-variations-in-element-properties">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 6.5: Periodic Variations in Element Properties.</a>

Halojenler

Halojenler olarak bilinen grup 17 elementleri ametallerdir. Oda sıcaklığında, flor ve klor gazdır, brom bir sıvıdır ve iyot bir katıdır. ...

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Periodic Properties of the Elements

Elementlerin Periyodik Özellikleri

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halogens: trends and reactions

Halogens are Group 17 nonmetals that show clear trends in structure and reactivity. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Astatine is highly unstable and radioactive, so most of its properties are still unknown because it has a very short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element that is also predicted to belong to this group.

These elements do not usually exist as single atoms. Instead, they form diatomic molecules, which means each molecule has two atoms. Their atomic radius increases from fluorine to iodine, and their outer-shell electron pattern is ns2 np5. This electron arrangement helps explain why halogens tend to gain one electron and reach a noble gas configuration.

The table of halogen properties shows important changes across the group. Fluorine has the smallest atomic radius, while iodine has the largest. First ionization energy decreases from fluorine to iodine, and electron affinity stays strongly negative for the group. Because of this, halogens are powerful oxidizing agents, and fluorine is the strongest oxidizing agent in the group.

Halogens react with metals to form metal halides. For example, chlorine reacts with iron to make iron chloride, and it reacts with sodium to make sodium chloride. They also react with hydrogen to form hydrogen halides. When these dissolve in water, they produce hydrohalic acids, and hydrofluoric acid is the weakest haloacid.

Halogens also react with water, but not in the same way. Fluorine reacts very vigorously, and the reaction is highly exothermic, which means it releases a large amount of heat. It also produces oxygen. Chlorine reacts less vigorously with water, and the hypochlorous acid formed is a strong oxidizing agent.

Halogens can react with one another to form interhalogen compounds, which are often binary compounds. Their general formula is ABn, where A is the halogen with the higher atomic number and n is an odd number. Examples include ICl, IBr, BrF, BrCl, and ClF. Halogens also react with carbon to form useful compounds, such as perfluoroethylene from the reaction of ethylene with fluorine.

Halogens: Trends and Reactions

periodic classification of the elements

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Periodic Trends in Atomic Size

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electron affinity

Electron Affinity Trends on the Periodic Table

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alkali metals

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halogens

Halogens are Group 17 nonmetals that show clear trends in structure and reactivity. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine is a solid. Astatine is highly unstable and radioactive, so most of its properties are still unknown because it has a very short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element that is also predicted to belong to this group. These elements do not usually exist as single atoms. Instead, they form diatomic molecules, which means...

noble gases

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Noble gases are the group 18 elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They were called “noble” because they were once thought to be nonreactive. That idea changed in 1962, when Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia showed that this assumption was not fully correct. These gases occur in very small amounts in the atmosphere. Some natural gas contains 1–2% helium by mass. Helium is separated from natural gas by removing the condensable components, which leaves...

key terms and concepts

Explore halogen trends, from physical states and electron configuration to oxidizing strength, metal halides, hydrohalic acids, and interhalogen compounds.

Halogens: Trends and Reactions | JoVE K12

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Solution Formation

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Phase Transitions

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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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Vapor Pressure

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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Heating and Cooling Curves

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Phase Diagrams

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Use models to compare the phases of matter and the physical changes they undergo.

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

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Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Intermolecular Forces

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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, ...

Carry out investigations to compare physical and chemical properties of matter.

PS.PSc.1.3

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded ...

Emission Spectra

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The de Broglie Wavelength

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The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.

PS.PSc.1.4

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Use models to compare representations of atoms, ions, and isotopes.

PS.PSc.1.5

The Periodic Table

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Ionic Radii

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Ionization Energy

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Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.

PS.PSc.2.1

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.

PS.PSc.2.2

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Halogens: Trends and Reactions

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