Name: salt hydrolysis and ph in solutions
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:51.000Z
Duration: 4 min 8 s
Channel: JoVE

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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions

Tuz çözeltileri asidik, bazik veya nötr olabilir. Tek tek iyonlar, çözeltisinin pH'ının yedinin altında, üstünde veya buna eşit olup olmayacağını belirlemek için incelenebilir. PH nötr katyonlar ve anyonlar içeren tuzlar nötr çözeltiler oluşturur.Bu tuzlar, güçlü bir asit ve güçlü bir bazın karşı iyonlarından oluşur. Ne potasyum ne de nitrat asidik veya bazik özelliklere sahip olmadığından, saf sulu potasyum nitrat çözeltisinin pH'ı 7 olacaktır. Zayıf bir bazın karşı iyonu olan bir katyon ve güçlü bir asidin karşı iyonu olan bir anyon içeren tuzların pH'ı 7'nin altında olacaktır.Bir amonyum bromür çözeltisinde, bromür iyonları pH nötr iken, amonyum iyonları asidiktir ve su moleküllerine protonlar verir. Güçlü bir bazın karşı iyonu olan bir katyon ve zayıf bir asidin karşı iyonu olan bir anyon içeren tuzların pH'ı 7'den büyük olacaktır. Bir sodyum asetat çözeltisinde, sodyum iyonları pH nötr iken asetat iyonları baziktir ve su moleküllerinden protonları kabul eder.Bazı tuzlar, sırasıyla zayıf asit ve zayıf bazın karşı iyonları olan bir katyon ve anyon içerir. Katyonun Ka'sı anyonun Kb'sinden büyükse çözelti asidik;anyonun Kb'si katyonun Ka'sından büyükse bazik;Ka ve Kb eşitse nötr olacaktır. Bir amonyum nitrit çözeltisinde, amonyum için Ka, nitrit iyonları için Kb'den daha yüksektir;bu nedenle çözelti asidik olacaktır.Asidik veya bazik bir iyon içeren bir tuz çözeltisinin tam pH'ı, bu iyonun konjugat asidi veya bazı için ayrışma sabiti kullanılarak belirlenebilir. 0, 35 M sodyum siyanürün pH'ı, konjugat asidinin Ka'sından siyanürün Kb'si hesaplanarak ve denge konsantrasyonunu belirlemek için bir ICE tablosu oluşturularak belirlenebilir. Sodyum katyonları su ile reaksiyona girmediğinden pH'ı etkilemezler ve ihmal edilebilirler.Tersine, siyanür iyonları su moleküllerinden protonları kabul eder ve hidroksit iyonları üretir. Siyanür iyonları için Kb, Ka çarpı Kb eşittir Kw denklemi kullanılarak belirlenebilir. Hidrosiyanik asit için Ka değeri 4, 90×10⁻¹⁰ olduğundan, siyanür iyonları için Kb değeri 2, 04×10⁻⁵'dir.Kb, hidrosiyanik asit konsantrasyonu çarpı hidroksit iyonları konsantrasyonunun siyanür iyonlarının konsantrasyonuna bölünmesine eşittir. Başlangıç ve denge konsantrasyonlarını ifade etmek için bir ICE tablosu oluşturulabilir. Denge konsantrasyonlarını ifadeye koyarsak, Kb eşittir x çarpı x bölü 0, 35 olur, bu da daha sonra 5 kuralı ile doğrulanabilir.Denklemi çözdükten sonra, x 2, 7×10⁻³ molara eşittir. X, 0, 35 M'nin sadece yüzde 0, 77'si olduğundan, 0, 35 eksi x, 0, 35'e eşittir. Çözeltinin pOH'si, 2, 57'ye eşit olan 2, 7 10⁻³ M'lik negatif log alınarak hesaplanabilir.pH artı pOH denklem, kullanılarak belirlenmiş çözeltinin pH'ı 14'e eşittir;bu nedenle, bu sodyum siyanür çözeltisinin pH'ı 11, 43'tür.

tuz Çözeltilerinin ph'sını belirleme

Bir tuz çözeltisinin pH'sı, bileşen anyonları ve katyonları tarafından belirlenir. Nötr pH anyonlar ve hidronyum iyon üreten katyonlar içeren tuzlar, pH değeri 7'nin altında olan bir çözelti oluşturur. Örneğin, amonyum nitrat (NH4NO3) çözelti, NO3− iyonları su ile reaksiyona girmezken NH4+ iyonları asidik çözelti ile sonuçlanan hidronyum iyonlarını üretir. Buna karşılık, pH nötr katyonlar ve hidroksit iyonu üreten anyonlar içeren tuzlar, pH'ı 7'den büyük olan bir çözelti oluşturur. Örneğin, sodyum florür (NaF) çözeltisinde, Na+ nötr pH’lıdır, ancak F- hidroksit iyonları üretir ve bazik çözelti oluşturur. Güçlü bir asit veya bazın karşı iyonları nötr pH’lıdır ve bu tür karşı iyonlar tarafından oluşturulan tuzlar, pH'ı 7'ye eşit olan nötr bir çözelti oluşturur. Örneğin, KBr'de K+ katyonu etkisizdir ve pH'yı etkilemeyecektir. Bromür iyonu, kuvvetli bir asidin eşlenik tabanıdır ve bu nedenle ihmal edilebilir baz kuvvetine sahiptir (kayda değer bir baz iyonizasyonu yoktur). Çözelti nötrdür.
 
 Bazı tuzlar hem asidik bir katyon hem de bazik bir anyon içerir. Bir çözeltinin genel asitliği veya bazlığı, Ka ve Kb kullanılarak karşılaştırılabilen katyon ve anyonun nispi kuvveti ile belirlenir. Örneğin, NH4'de NH4+ iyonu asidiktir ve F− iyonu baziktir (zayıf asit HF'nin eşlenik bazı). İki iyonlaşma sabitinin karşılaştırılması: NH4+’un Ka’sı 5,6 × 10−10’dur ve F−’nin Kb’si 1,6 × 10−11’dir, bu yüzden çözelti asidiktir çünkü Ka > Kb.
 
 Asidik Tuz Çözeltisinin pH'sını Hesaplama
 
 Anilin, boya üretiminde kullanılan bir amindir. Anilin, zayıf baz anilin ve hidroklorik asidin reaksiyonu ile hazırlanan bir tuz olan anilinyum klorür, [C6H5NH3+]Cl olarak izole edilmiştir. 0,233 M anilinyum klorür çözeltisinin pH'ı nedir?
 
 <img alt=""Eq1"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_1.png"" style=""height: 50px;"" />
 
 Anilinyum iyonu için Ka, anilin olan onun eşlenik bazı için Kb’den türetilir:
 
 <img alt=""Eq2"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_2.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 Sağlanan bilgiler kullanarak, bu sistem için bir ICE tablosu hazırlanır:
 <table style=""margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;""></td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">C6H5NH3+ (aq) </td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">H3O+ (aq)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">C6H5NH2(aq)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Başlangıç Konsantrasyonu (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0,233</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">~0</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Değişim (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">−x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">+x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">+x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Denge Konsantrasyonu (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0,233 − x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">x</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
 Bu denge konsantrasyon terimlerinin Ka ifadesine yerleştirilmesi şunu verir
 
 <img alt=""Eq3"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_3.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 x << 0,233 varsayarsak, denklem basitleşir ve x:&#160 çözülür;
 
 <img alt=""Eq4"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_4.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 <img alt=""Eq5"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_5.png"" style=""height: 50px;"" />
 
 ICE tablosu, hidronyum iyon molaritesi olarak x’i tanımlar ve böylece pH şu şekilde hesaplanır
 
 <img alt=""Eq6"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_6.png"" style=""height: 50px;"" />
 
 [Al(H2O)6]3+ Hidrolizi
 
 Hidratlanmış alüminyum iyonunu [Al(H2O)6]3+ çözeltisine vermek için tamamen çözünen 0,10 M alüminyum klorür çözeltisinin pH'sını hesaplayın.
 
 Reaksiyon ve Ka için denklem:
 
 <img alt=""Eq7"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_7.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 Sağlanan bilgilere sahip bir ICE tablosu
 <table style=""margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;""></td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Al(H2O)6+3(aq) </td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">H3O+(aq) </td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Al(H2O)5(OH)+2(aq)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Başlangıç Konsantrasyonu (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0,10</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">~0</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Değişim (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">−x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">+x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">+x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">Denge Konsantrasyonu (M)</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">0,10 − x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">x</td>
 <td style=""color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"">x</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 
 Denge konsantrasyonlarının ifadelerini iyonizasyon sabiti için denkleme yerleştirmek şunu verir:
 
 <img alt=""Eq8"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_8.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 x << 0,10 varsaymak ve basitleştirilmiş denklemi çözmek şunu sağlar:
 
 <img alt=""Eq9"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_9.png"" style=""height: 50px;"" />
 
 ICE tablosu, x ’i hidronyum iyon konsantrasyonuna eşit olarak tanımlar ve bu yüzden pH, 2,92 olarak hesaplanır ve çözelti asidiktir.
 
 <img alt=""Eq10"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11404/11404_Equation_10.png"" style=""height: 90px;"" />
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır: <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-4-hydrolysis-of-salts""> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 14.4: Hydrolysis of Salts</a>.

Tuz Çözeltilerinin pH'sını Belirleme

Bir tuz çözeltisinin pH'ı, bileşen anyonları ve katyonları tarafından belirlenir. pH nötr anyonlar ve hidronyum iyonu üreten katyonlar içeren tuzlar ...

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salt hydrolysis and ph in solutions

Salt hydrolysis and pH in solutions depend on the ions released when a salt dissolves. Some ions react with water, while others do not. The balance between the cation and anion helps show whether the solution becomes acidic, basic, or neutral.

Salts with pH-neutral anions and cations that produce hydronium ions give acidic solutions with pH below 7. Ammonium nitrate is one example. In NH4NO3, NO3− does not react with water, but NH4+ forms hydronium ions, so the solution is acidic.

Other salts contain pH-neutral cations and anions that produce hydroxide ions. These salts form basic solutions with pH above 7. Sodium fluoride is an example. In NaF, Na+ is pH-neutral, while F− reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions.

Salts made from the counterions of a strong acid or a strong base are usually neutral. Their solutions have a pH of 7. In KBr, K+ is inert and does not change the pH. Br− is the conjugate base of a strong acid, so it has negligible base strength and does not appreciably ionize in water.

Some salts contain both an acidic cation and a basic anion. In those cases, the overall pH depends on which ion is stronger. The ionization constants Ka and Kb are used to compare them. For NH4F, NH4+ is acidic and F− is basic. Because Ka for NH4+ is 5.6 × 10−10 and Kb for F− is 1.6 × 10−11, the solution is acidic since Ka is greater than Kb.

The pH of an acidic salt solution can be calculated with an ICE table. Anilinium chloride, [C6H5NH3+]Cl, comes from the weak base aniline and hydrochloric acid. For a 0.233 M solution, the Ka value for the anilinium ion is found from the Kb of aniline. The ICE table gives x as the hydronium ion concentration, and the pH is then calculated from that value.

Hydrolysis of the hydrated aluminum ion works the same way. Aluminum chloride dissolves completely to give [Al(H2O)6]3+ in solution. For a 0.10 M solution, the reaction and Ka are set up in an ICE table. After assuming x is much smaller than 0.10 and solving the simplified equation, the hydronium ion concentration gives a pH of 2.92. The solution is acidic.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

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determining the ph of salt solutions

Salt hydrolysis and pH in solutions depend on the ions released when a salt dissolves. Some ions react with water, while others do not. The balance between the cation and anion helps show whether the solution becomes acidic, basic, or neutral. Salts with pH-neutral anions and cations that produce hydronium ions give acidic solutions with pH below 7. Ammonium nitrate is one example. In NH4NO3, NO3− does not react with water, but NH4+ forms hydronium ions, so the solution is acidic. Other salts...

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Learn how salt ions affect pH, from acidic ammonium salts and basic fluoride salts to neutral salts and pH calculations with ICE tables.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions | JoVE K12

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a ...

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a ...

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that ...

Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.

PS.PSc.1.4

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Use models to compare representations of atoms, ions, and isotopes.

PS.PSc.1.5

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionic Radii

Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.PSc.1.6

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.

PS.PSc.2.1

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

Nomenclature of Alkenes

The IUPAC naming system for alkenes replaces -an- with -en- in the corresponding parent alkanes. Accordingly, a simple alkene replaces the -ane suffix of ...

Nomenclature of Alkynes

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of ...

structure-and-nomenclature-of-alcohols-and-phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview 
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is ...

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two &#8212; ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Ketones

Like aldehydes, ketones are named using IUPAC rules; in this case, by replacing &#8220;e&#8221; in the name of the longest hydrocarbon chain with ...

IUPAC Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

IUPAC names of carboxylic acids are systematically derived following a few rules discussed below.
For acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids, the longest ...

nomenclature-of-aromatic-compounds-with-a-single-substituent

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the ...

Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.

PS.PSc.2.2

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

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