Name: electron-pair reactions in acid-base chemistry
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 33 s
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NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.6.3

Lewis Acids and Bases

Brønsted-Lowry modeli, asitleri ve bazları protonlar açısından tanımlar, burada asitler proton vericilerdir ve bazlar proton alıcılarıdır. Bunun aksine, Lewis modeli asitleri ve bazları, Lewis asitlerinin elektron çifti alıcıları ve Lewis bazlarının elektron çifti vericileri olduğu elektron çiftleri cinsinden tanımlar. Asetik asit gibi bir Brønsted asidinde hidrojen de Lewis asidi görevi görebilir çünkü su gibi bir bazdan verilen elektronları kabul etmek için boş bir yörüngeye sahiptir ve Lewis bazı olarak işlev görür.Lewis modelinin avantajı, bilim adamlarının iyonlaşabilen protonlara sahip olmayanlar da dahil olmak üzere daha fazla sayıda bileşiği asit olarak sınıflandırmasına izin vermesidir. Örneğin bor triflorür, hidrojen içermediği için Brønsted-Lowry modeline göre asit olarak sınıflandırılamaz. Bununla birlikte, bor triflorür, amonyak gibi bir Lewis bazından bir elektron çifti kabul edebilen ve bu nedenle bir Lewis asidi olarak hareket edebilen boş bir yörüngeye sahip tamamlanmamış bir oktete sahiptir.Bu tür Lewis asit-baz reaksiyonları ile oluşan sonuçtaki ürüne Lewis asit-baz eklentisi denir. Karbondioksit gibi bazı moleküller elektronlarını Lewis asidi gibi davranacak şekilde yeniden düzenleyebilir. Örneğin, su ve karbon arasındaki reaksiyonda karbon-oksijen pi bağından bir elektron çifti karbon dioksitin terminal oksijenine geçer.Karbon atomunda ortaya çıkan boş yörünge, bir su molekülünden elektron çiftini kabul etmesine ve bir Lewis asidi gibi davranmasına izin verir. Su molekülü elektron çiftini verirken, Lewis bazı gibi davranır. Daha fazla yeniden düzenlemede, bir proton su oksijeninden karbon dioksitin terminal oksijenine aktarılır ve bu da karbonik asit eklentisinin oluşumuyla sonuçlanır.Al gibi küçük metal katyonlar, elektron çiftlerini yeniden elde edebilir ve Lewis asitleri gibi davranabilir. Örneğin, Al sudan yalnız elektron çiftlerini kabul eder ve heksaaquaaluminyum iyonları oluşturur. Bu noktada su molekülleri elektron çiftleri verir, ve Lewis bazı gibi davranır.

lewis asitleri ve bazları

1923'te G. N. Lewis, asitlerin ve bazların bir çift elektronu kabul etme veya bağışlama ve bir koordinat kovalent bağ oluşturma yetenekleriyle tanımlandığı genelleştirilmiş bir asit-baz davranışı tanımı önerdi.
 
 Bir koordinat kovalent bağ (veya ikili bağ), bağdaki atomlardan biri her iki bağ elektronunu da sağladığında oluşur. Örneğin, bir su molekülü bir hidronyum iyonu oluşturmak için bir hidrojen iyonu ile birleştiğinde bir koordinat kovalent bağ oluşur. Bir koordinat kovalent bağ, bir amonyak molekülü bir amonyum iyonu oluşturmak için bir hidrojen iyonu ile birleştiğinde de ortaya çıkar. Bu denklemlerin her ikisi de burada gösterilmektedir.
 
 <img alt=""Image1"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11407/11407_Image_1.svg"" style=""height: 175px;"" />
 
 Koordinat kovalent bağların oluşumunu içeren reaksiyonlar, Lewis asit-baz kimyası olarak sınıflandırılır. Bağı oluşturan elektron çiftini veren türler bir Lewis bazıdır, elektron çiftini kabul eden türler bir Lewis asididir ve reaksiyonun ürünü bir Lewis asit-baz eklentisidir. Yukarıdaki iki örneğin gösterdiği gibi, Brønsted-Lowry asit-baz reaksiyonları, Lewis asidi reaksiyonlarının bir alt kategorisini, özellikle de asit türlerinin H+ olduğu reaksiyonları temsil eder. Diğer Lewis asitlerini ve bazlarını içeren birkaç örnek aşağıda açıklanmaktadır.
 
 Bor triflorürdeki bor atomu, BF3, valans kabuğunda yalnızca altı elektrona sahiptir. Tercih edilen sekizlinin dışında olan BF3, çok iyi bir Lewis asididir ve birçok Lewis bazı ile reaksiyona girer; bir florür iyonu, bu reaksiyondaki Lewis bazıdır ve yalnız çiftlerinden birini verir:
 
 <img alt=""Image2"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11407/11407_Image_2.svg"" style=""height: 150px;"" />
 
 Aşağıdaki reaksiyonda, Lewis bazları olan iki amonyak molekülünün her biri, bir gümüş iyonu olan Lewis asidine bir çift elektron bağışlar:
 
 
 
 <img alt=""Image3"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11407/11407_Image_3.svg"" style=""height: 150px;"" />
 
 Metal olmayan oksitler Lewis asitleri gibi davranır ve oksit iyonları, Lewis bazları ile reaksiyona girerek oksianyonlar oluşturur:
 
 <img alt=""Image4"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11407/11407_Image_4.svg"" style=""height: 150px;"" />
 
 Birçok Lewis asit-baz reaksiyonu, bir Lewis bazının başka bir Lewis bazının bir asit-baz eklentisinden başka bir Lewis bazının yerini aldığı veya bir Lewis asitinin başka bir Lewis asidinin yerini aldığı yer değiştirme reaksiyonlarıdır:
 
 <img alt=""Image5"" src=""/files/ftp_upload/11407/11407_Image_5.svg"" style=""height: 350px;"" />
 
 Başka bir Lewis asit-baz kimyası türü, ligand adı verilen iyonlar veya moleküllerle çevrili bir merkezi atom, tipik olarak bir geçiş metali katyonu içeren karmaşık bir iyonun (veya bir koordinasyon kompleksi) oluşumunu içerir. Bu ligandlar, H2O veya NH3 gibi nötr moleküller veya CN– veya OH– gibi iyonlar olabilir. Genellikle ligandlar, merkezi atoma bir çift elektron bağışlayarak Lewis bazları gibi davranırlar.
 
 Bu metin bu kaynaktan uyarlanmıştır: <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/15-2-lewis-acids-and-bases""> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 15.2: Lewis Acids and Bases</a>.

Lewis Asitleri ve Bazları

1923'te G. N. Lewis, asitlerin ve bazların kabul etme veya kabul etme yetenekleriyle tanımlandığı asit-baz davranışının genelleştirilmiş bir tanımını önerdi.

Education

JoVE Core

Kimya

Acids and Bases

Asitler ve Bazlar

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

electron-pair reactions in acid-base chemistry

Electron-pair reactions explain Lewis acid-base chemistry. In 1923, G. N. Lewis described acids and bases by how they accept or donate a pair of electrons. When that electron pair forms a coordinate covalent bond, one atom supplies both bonding electrons. This bond is also called a dative bond.

A simple example is the reaction of water with a hydrogen ion to make a hydronium ion. Ammonia can also combine with a hydrogen ion to form an ammonium ion. In both cases, the reaction creates a Lewis acid-base adduct. The electron-pair donor is the Lewis base, and the electron-pair acceptor is the Lewis acid.

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions fit inside Lewis acid chemistry. In those reactions, the acid species is H+. Other Lewis acids show the same electron-pair pattern in different ways. Boron trifluoride, BF3, is a strong Lewis acid because boron has only six electrons in its valence shell and still needs an octet. A fluoride ion can donate a lone pair to BF3 and form an adduct.

Lewis acids can also bind more than one base. In one example, two ammonia molecules each donate a pair of electrons to a silver ion, which acts as the Lewis acid. Nonmetal oxides also behave as Lewis acids and react with oxide ions, which are Lewis bases, to form oxyanions. Many Lewis acid-base reactions are displacement reactions. In these reactions, one Lewis base can replace another base in an adduct, or one Lewis acid can replace another acid.

Lewis acid-base chemistry also helps form complex ions, or coordination complexes. These complexes have a central atom, often a transition metal cation, surrounded by ligands. Ligands can be neutral molecules such as H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN- or OH-. In many cases, the ligands act as Lewis bases and donate electron pairs to the central atom.

Electron-Pair Reactions in Acid-Base Chemistry

electron-pair-reactions-in-acid-base-chemistry

bronsted-lowry acids and bases

Proton Transfer in Acids and Bases

Acids and bases can be understood through proton transfer. Early scientists described acids by their sour taste, their effect on dyes, and their reaction with limestone, which releases carbon dioxide. Robert Boyle also noted that acid solutions can lose these properties after contact with alkali, or base, solutions. The modern view developed step by step. Humphry Davy showed that hydrogen is the essential part of acids. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac then described acids as substances that neutralize...

water: a bronsted-lowry acid and base

Water as an Amphiprotic Substance

Water can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base. When hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water, it donates protons to water. This is acid ionization. The products are hydronium ions and fluoride ions. Water can also accept protons from another substance. When pyridine dissolves in water, it accepts a proton from water molecules. This is base ionization. The products are hydroxide ions and pyridinium ions. These reactions show that water can play either role. A substance that...

ph scale

pH and pOH in Water

pH and pOH show how hydronium and hydroxide ions behave in water and other aqueous solutions. These ion concentrations are linked by the ion product of water, K w , so when one goes up, the other goes down. Because ion concentrations can differ by huge amounts, a logarithmic scale is used to describe them. pH is defined from the hydronium ion concentration, [H3O+], and pOH is the matching p-function for hydroxide ion concentration. These two values are also connected through the K w...

relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs

relative-strengths-of-conjugate-acid-base-pairs

How Ka and Kb Show Acid-Base Strength

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is based on proton transfer. That idea helps show how the strength of an acid is linked to the strength of its conjugate base, and vice versa. Acid and base strength is measured with ionization constants, Ka and Kb, which tell how far an ionization reaction goes. For the conjugate pair HA and A−, the acid ionizes in water and the base reaction can be written for the partner species. When the two reactions are added, they give the autoionization of water. The...

strong acid and base solutions

Strong Acids, Strong Bases, and pH

Strong acids and strong bases change the pH of a solution by dissociating completely in water. A strong acid produces hydronium ions, which are H3O+ ions, and a strong base produces hydroxide ions, OH-. Because the dissociation is complete, the ion concentration can be found from the starting concentration and the molar ratio. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid dissociates fully in water. It produces 0.20 M hydronium ions and 0.20 M bromide ions. A 0.015 M KOH solution also dissociates...

weak acid solutions

Weak Acid Equilibrium in Water

Weak acid equilibrium in water explains why many acids only partially react when dissolved. Most weak acid molecules stay in their original form, and only a small amount of hydronium ions forms. Weak acids are common in nature. They help create the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation from insect bites, and the smells linked to body odor. Acetic acid is a familiar weak acid. It is the main ingredient in vinegar. Its equation uses a double arrow to show that the reaction with...

weak base solutions

Weak Base pH and Kb Calculations

Weak base pH and Kb calculations show how partially reacting bases change water chemistry. Weak bases produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve by reacting with water molecules. Because the reaction only happens partly, these compounds are classified as weak bases. Weak bases are common in nature and in technology. Ammonia is one major example. Global production of ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons each year. It is used as an agricultural fertilizer, a starting material for...

mixtures of acids

pH of Acid Mixtures

The pH of acid mixtures depends on the acids present, their dissociation constants, and their starting concentrations. When a solution contains two different acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that fits their relative strengths. This makes acid mixtures a useful case for applying acid-base rules in chemistry. In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and supplies almost all of the hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid...

ions as acids and bases

Salt Hydrolysis and pH of Solutions

Salt hydrolysis explains why some salt solutions are acidic, basic, or neutral. Salts are ionic compounds made of cations and anions. In water, either ion may react with water through an acid or base ionization reaction. The pH of the solution depends on the relative acid-base strength of the ions in the salt. Ammonium chloride is a good example of an acidic salt. When it dissolves, it separates into ammonium ions and chloride ions. The ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of ammonia, so it can...

determining the ph of salt solutions

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

Salt hydrolysis and pH in solutions depend on the ions released when a salt dissolves. Some ions react with water, while others do not. The balance between the cation and anion helps show whether the solution becomes acidic, basic, or neutral. Salts with pH-neutral anions and cations that produce hydronium ions give acidic solutions with pH below 7. Ammonium nitrate is one example. In NH4NO3, NO3− does not react with water, but NH4+ forms hydronium ions, so the solution is acidic. Other salts...

acid/base strengths and dissociation constants

acidbase-strengths-and-dissociation-constants

Acid and Base Strength in Water

Acid and base strength in water depends on how much a substance ionizes after it dissolves. If ionization is nearly complete, the substance is called strong. If only a small amount ionizes, it is called weak. Weak acids and weak bases are much more common than strong ones. The most common strong acids are HClO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, and H2SO4. The most common strong bases are LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2. These strong acids and bases ionize essentially completely in water. <br...

polyprotic acids

Stepwise Ionization of Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic acids lose hydrogen ions in steps. The number of ionizable protons in a molecule determines whether an acid is monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic. This video also shows that polyprotic bases can accept more than one proton. Monoprotic acids have one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule. Examples include HCl, HNO3, and HCN. Their reactions with water form hydronium ions and the matching anion. Acetic acid, CH3CO2H, is also monoprotic because only the hydrogen in the carboxyl group...

acid strength and molecular structure

How Bonding Affects Acid Strength

Acid strength depends on bonding, electronegativity, and oxidation number. These factors help explain why some hydrogen compounds act as strong acids, while others behave as weak acids or bases. For binary acids, which are hydrogen compounds with one other nonmetal, acidity increases as the H-A bond gets weaker down a group. That is why the order for group 17 is HF &lt; HCl &lt; HBr &lt; HI, and for group 16 it is H2O &lt; H2S &lt; H2Se &lt; H2Te. Across a period, acid strength increases as...

lewis acids and bases

Electron-pair reactions explain Lewis acid-base chemistry. In 1923, G. N. Lewis described acids and bases by how they accept or donate a pair of electrons. When that electron pair forms a coordinate covalent bond, one atom supplies both bonding electrons. This bond is also called a dative bond. A simple example is the reaction of water with a hydrogen ion to make a hydronium ion. Ammonia can also combine with a hydrogen ion to form an ammonium ion. In both cases, the reaction creates a Lewis...

key terms and concepts

Learn how Lewis acids and bases use electron pairs to form coordinate covalent bonds, adducts, complex ions, and examples like BF3, Ag+, and hydronium.

Electron-Pair Reactions in Acid-Base Chemistry | JoVE K12

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Electron-Pair Reactions in Acid-Base Chemistry

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