Name: protein regulation by covalent bonds
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:43.000Z
Duration: 2 min 4 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Birçok protein;metil veya asetil parçaları gibi fonksiyonel gruplar ve ubikuitin gibi küçük proteinler de dahil olmak üzere kovalent bağlı moleküller tarafından regüle edilir. Polipeptid zincirindeki belirli amino asitlerde kovalent bağlanmalar gerçekleşir. Örneğin, fosfat grupları;serin, treonin veya tirozin ile kovalent bağlanır.Metil ve asetil grupları, lizin ile bağlanır. Ubikuitin;lizin, sistin, serin veya treonin rezidüleri ile bağlanır. Bir enzim veya enzim çifti, bu translasyon-sonrası modifikasyonları geri dönüşümlü bir şekilde katalize eder.Asetil transferaz, bir proteini asetillerken, bir diasetilaz da daha sonra bu grubu koparabilir. Bu modifikasyonlar, bir proteinin hücre içindeki işlevini veya lokalizasyonunu değiştirebilir. Örneğin, histon proteinlerinin asetilasyonu, gen transkripsiyonunu aktive etmek için DNA yapısını açarak, gen ekspresyonunu regüle eder.Diğer taraftan, histon proteinlerinin metilasyonunun, yapıyı sıkılaştırarak transkripsiyonu baskıladığı bilinmektedir. Başka bir örnek, strese yanıt olarak birçok kovalent değişikliklere uğrayan, ana tümör baskılayıcı proteinler olan p53'tür. UV ve gama radyasyonu gibi DNA'ya zarar veren ajanlara maruz kalmak, proteinin fosfatlanmasına neden olabilir.Fosfatlanma, stabiliteyi artırır ve p53'ü etkinleştirerek radyasyondan zarar gören DNA'ya bağlanmasına neden olur ve mutasyona uğramış DNA'lı hücrelerin kontrolsüz bir şekilde bölünmesini önler. Fosfatlanmaya ek olarak, p53 gibi tek bir protein molekülünde meydana gelen farklı modifikasyon tipleri;hücre döngüsünün durması, DNA onarımı ve bir hücrenin apoptozisi gibi işlevlerini hassas bir şekilde kontrol etmesine izin verir.

<ol>
	<li>1PDB Kimliği: 1UBQ 
	Vijay-Kumar, S., Bugg, C.E., Cook, W.J.(1987) 1.8 A çözünürlükte rafine edilmiş ubikitin yapısı. J Mol Biol 194: 531-544. DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90679-6</li>
	<li>H.M. Berman, J. Westbrook, Z. Feng, G. Gilliland, T.N. Bhat, H. Weissig, I.N. Shindyalov, P.E. Bourne. (2000) Protein Veri Bankası Nükleik Asitler Araştırması, 28: 235-242.</li>
	<li>D. Sehnal, A.S. Rose, J. Kovca, S.K. Burley, S. Velankar (2018) Mol*: Web moleküler grafikleri için ortak bir kütüphane ve araçlara doğru MolVA/EuroVis Bildirileri. doi:10.2312/molva.20181103</li>
	<li>Alberts ve diğerleri, 6. baskı; sayfa 157-158, 165-166</li>
	<li>Le, D. D. ve Fujimori, D. G. (2012). Protein ve nükleik asit metilasyon enzimleri: mekanizmalar ve regülasyon. Kimyasal biyolojide güncel görüş, 16(5-6), 507–515. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.014</li>
	<li>Khidekel, N., & Hsieh-Wilson, L. C. (2004). Bir 'moleküler santral' - proteinlerde kovalent modifikasyonlar ve bunların transkripsiyon üzerindeki etkileri. Organik ve biyomoleküler kimya, 2(1), 1-7.</li>
	<li>Maclaine, N. J. ve Hupp, T. R. (2009). P53'ün fosforilasyon ile düzenlenmesi: farklı sinyallerin p53 yoluna nasıl entegre olduğuna dair bir model. Yaşlanma, 1(5), 490.</li>
</ol>

kovalent bağlı protein düzenleyiciler

Kovalent Bağlı Protein Düzenleyicileri (Regülatörleri)Proteinler, çoğunlukla çevrelerindeki değişikliklere yanıt olarak birçok türde translasyon sonrası modifikasyona uğrayabilir. Bu modifikasyonlar, bu proteinlerin fonksiyonunda ve stabilitesinde önemli bir rol oynar. Kovalent olarak bağlı moleküller, metil, asetil ve fosfat grupları gibi fonksiyonel grupları ve ayrıca ubikuitin gibi küçük proteinleri içerir. Tanımlanmış yaklaşık 200 farklı türde kovalent düzenleyici vardır.Bu gruplar bir proteindeki spesifik amino asitleri değiştirir. Fosfat grupları yalnızca serin, treonin ve tirozin amino asitlerine kovalent olarak bağlanabilirken, metil ve asetil grupları yalnızca lisine bağlanabilir. Bu gruplar bir proteine bir enzim veya enzim çifti tarafından eklenir ve proteinden çıkarılır. Örneğin, bir asetiltransferaz, bir proteine bir asetil grubu ekler ve bir deasetilaz onu çıkarabilir. Bu değiştiricilerin her biri, modifikasyonların sayısına ve konumuna bağlı olarak bağlı olduğu protein üzerinde farklı etkilere sahip olabilir. Tek bir ubikuitin molekülü belirli bir hücre yüzeyi reseptörüne kovalent olarak bağlandığında, bu protein endositoz için hedeflenir; Öte yandan, birbirine bağlı birden fazla ubikuitin bu proteine bağlandığında proteolitik bozunma için bir hedef olarak işaretlenir.Tek bir protein, işlevini kontrol etmek için aynı anda birden fazla değişikliğe uğrayabilir. Çoklu kovalent modifikasyonlarla düzenlenen bir proteinin iyi bilinen bir örneği, tümör baskılayıcı protein p53'tür. p53, radyasyon ve kanserojenler de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli stres türlerine yanıt olarak çeşitli modifikasyonlara uğrar. Bazı modifikasyonlar UV ve gama radyasyonlarına yanıt olarak fosforilasyon, asetilasyon ve sumilasyonu (sumoylation) içerir. Değişikliklerin yerleri ve türleri stres etkenine bağlı olarak değişebilir. Çalışmalar, UV ve gama radyasyonunun Serine 33'ün fosforilasyonuyla sonuçlanabileceğini, ancak Serine 392'nin UV'ye maruz bırakıldığında fosforile edilebildiğini fakat gama radyasyonuna maruz bırakıldığında edilemediğini göstermiştir. Hipoksi, anti-metabolitler ve aktinomisin D'ye maruz kalma gibi diğer stres türleri p53'ün asetilasyonuyla sonuçlanabilir. Modifikasyonlar farklı hücre tipleri ve organizmalar arasında da değişiklik gösterebilir.

Kovalent Bağlı Protein Düzenleyiciler

Proteinler, genellikle çevrelerindeki değişikliklere yanıt olarak birçok türde translasyon sonrası modifikasyona uğrayabilir. Bu değişiklikler bir ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Hücre Biyolojisi

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Protein Function

Protein Fonksiyonu

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

protein regulation by covalent bonds

Protein regulation by covalent bonds helps control how cells respond to changing conditions. A covalent bond is a strong chemical link, and in this context it can change how a protein behaves.

Some regulators work by attaching a chemical group directly to a protein. This covalent change can alter the protein's activity, its location in the cell, or how long it stays active. Because the change is built into the protein itself, it can have a strong effect on cell function.

Covalently linked protein regulators are an important part of cell control and signaling. They help cells turn protein functions on or off at the right time. This type of regulation is a key idea in molecular biology and protein function.

Protein Regulation by Covalent Bonds

ligand binding sites

Ligand Binding Sites in Proteins

Ligand binding sites are specific parts of a protein where a ligand can attach. A ligand is a molecule that binds to another molecule, often to help start or change a biological process. These sites matter because the shape and chemistry of the protein help determine which ligands can fit and bind. Proteins do not bind every ligand in the same way. The binding site provides a matching surface that supports a close interaction. In many cases, this interaction is important for how cells respond...

protein-protein interfaces

Protein Binding Surfaces and Contacts

Protein binding surfaces and contacts help proteins recognize and attach to each other. These interfaces are the regions where two proteins meet and interact. They are important for many cell processes and for how proteins work together. A protein-protein interface is not just a random touch point. It is shaped by the three-dimensional form of each protein. The matching surfaces allow a stable interaction to form when the proteins fit together well. Studying these interfaces helps explain how...

conserved binding sites

Conserved Binding Sites in Protein Families

Conserved binding sites are regions on proteins that stay similar across related proteins. These shared areas often help proteins interact with the same molecules. For this reason, they are useful clues when comparing protein families. A conserved site can help identify where a protein binds. It can also show which parts of the protein are important for function. When the same pattern appears in several proteins, it suggests that the site has been kept through evolution. Scientists look at...

cofactors and coenzymes

Enzyme Helpers: Metals and Vitamins

Enzyme helpers include cofactors and coenzymes. Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids, and the functional groups on those amino acids can drive many chemical reactions through ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. But amino acids alone cannot handle oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions, so they need non-protein helpers called cofactors. Cofactors are often described as the chemical teeth of an enzyme. They can be metal ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These...

cooperative allosteric transitions

Allosteric Changes in Protein Shape

Allosteric changes in protein shape help explain how some proteins switch between active and inactive states. These transitions are cooperative, which means a change in one part of the protein can affect other parts of the same molecule. The video focuses on how these shifts in shape support protein function. It also shows that allosteric transitions can be described with different models. In the concerted model, the protein changes shape as a whole. In the sequential model, the change happens...

protein kinases and phosphatases

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases in Cell Control

Protein kinases and phosphatases help control how proteins work in cells. Kinases add phosphate groups to proteins. Phosphatases remove those phosphate groups. This phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process can change a protein’s shape and activity. It is one way cells turn protein function on or off at the right time. These changes also help cells respond to signals and manage many cell activities. Together, protein kinases and phosphatases keep cellular signaling balanced. When one adds...

gtpases and their regulation

GTPase Molecular Switches and Control

GTPases are molecular switches that help control cell activity. They bind guanosine triphosphate, or GTP, and can change between active and inactive states. This switch-like behavior makes them important in many cell processes. The protein is active when GTP is bound and inactive when guanosine diphosphate, or GDP, is bound. GTPases can also turn themselves off by breaking down GTP into GDP. This built-in control helps cells regulate when the protein is on or off. Their activity is regulated...

covalently linked protein regulators

Protein regulation by covalent bonds helps control how cells respond to changing conditions. A covalent bond is a strong chemical link, and in this context it can change how a protein behaves. Some regulators work by attaching a chemical group directly to a protein. This covalent change can alter the protein's activity, its location in the cell, or how long it stays active. Because the change is built into the protein itself, it can have a strong effect on cell function. Covalently linked...

protein complexes with interchangeable parts

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Modular Protein Complexes in Cells

Protein complexes in cells can be built from interchangeable parts. This modular design lets some complexes share common subunits while still changing their behavior. A well-known example is the ubiquitin ligase complex called SCF. SCF stands for Skp1-Cullin-F-box, and it helps attach ubiquitin, a small protein tag, to target proteins. The core of SCF stays the same, but the F-box protein can change. The interchangeable F-box subunit gives the complex its specificity. Different F-box proteins...

mechanical protein function

Proteins That Generate Cell Movement

Mechanical proteins help cells and tissues move. They turn chemical energy into force and motion. This process is important in many biological systems. These proteins are also called motor proteins. They interact with cell structures and can produce directed movement. In muscle cells, they support contraction. In other cells, they help with transport and shape changes. Mechanical protein function is a key part of how living systems work. It links protein activity to movement at the cellular...

structural protein function

Structural Proteins in Cells and Tissues

Structural proteins help cells and tissues keep their shape and strength. They are an important part of living systems because they provide support where it is needed most. Many structural proteins form fibers or other sturdy forms that resist stretching and wear. These proteins work as building materials in the body and help keep structures stable over time. Examples of structural proteins include collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin. Each one supports a different part of the body, but all...

protein networks

Mapping Protein Interaction Networks

Protein interaction networks show how proteins work together inside a cell. These networks help scientists see which proteins connect with each other and how those links support cell activity. Researchers often use online tools to build and study these networks. The transcript points to IntAct and STRING as examples of resources that can help predict and organize protein interactions. These tools make it easier to compare protein links and look for patterns in the network. Protein networks...

key terms and concepts

Learn how covalent bonds can regulate proteins by changing activity, location, and stability. A clear K12 summary of protein control in cells.

Protein Regulation by Covalent Bonds | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Hücre Biyolojisi, anlaşılması kolay ancak kapsamlı animasyonlu video derslerde karmaşık hücresel süreçleri gösterir. Bu koleksiyon, organeller ve zarlar, hücresel taşıma ve hücre enerjileri dahil olmak üzere hücrelerin temel bileşenlerine ve işlevlerine odaklanır. Gerçek dünya araştırma deneylerinde hücre biyolojisinin uygulanmasını gösteren bilim insanı eylem videoları ile tamamlanmaktadır.

Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

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Cytoplasm

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

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Protein Organization

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Protein Folding

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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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Oogenesis

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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Blood Flow

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Blood Withdrawal I

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Blood Withdrawal II

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

What is Homeostasis?

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Protein Regulation by Covalent Bonds

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