Name: circuit power, absorption, and supply
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

High School

Physical Science

Energy

HS-PS3-1

Power and Energy

Enerji, akımı devreden geçirmek için gereken toplam iştir.
Voltajdaki bir artış, daha fazla iş yapılmasına, daha fazla akım geçmesine ve enerji transferinin artmasına neden olur.
Güç, watt cinsinden ölçülen, enerjinin zaman içinde sağlanma veya emilme hızıdır.
Güç, bir eleman üzerindeki anlık voltaj ve akımın ürünü olarak da ifade edilebilir.
Güç işareti, akımın yönüne ve voltajın polaritesine bağlıdır.
Pasif işaret kuralına göre, akım, voltajın pozitif terminalinde bir devre elemanına girdiğinde ve negatif terminalden çıktığında, eleman gücü emer.
Tersine, akım negatif terminale girer ve pozitif terminalden çıkarsa, eleman güç sağlar.
Devreye sağlanan toplam güç, emilen toplam güce eşit olmalı ve enerji tasarrufu yasasını doğrulamalıdır.
Bir element için emilen veya sağlanan enerji, anlık gücün integralidir.
Bir kaset çalar sabit akım çekiyorsa, pilin parametreleri ve güç-enerji ilişkisi kullanılarak oynatıcının çalışma süresi hesaplanır.

güç ve enerji

Bir elemente iletilen güç ve enerji, elektrik mühendisliği alanında büyük öneme sahip konulardır. 100 watt'lık bir ampulün 60 watt'lık bir ampulden daha fazla ışık yaydığı bilinen bir gerçektir. Bu nedenle elektrik devrelerinin analizinde güç ve enerji hesaplamaları önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.

Enerjinin harcanması veya emilmesinin zaman oranı olarak tanımlanan güç, watt (W) adı verilen birimlerle ölçülür. Güç ve enerji arasındaki ilişki matematiksel olarak şu şekilde verilir:

<img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 36px;" />

burada "p" watt (W) cinsinden gücü temsil eder, "w" joule (J) cinsinden enerjiyi ve "t" saniye (s) cinsinden süreyi belirtir.

Bir devre içindeki bir elemandan geçen akımla ilgili güç, o eleman üzerindeki gerilim ile içinden geçen akımın çarpımıdır. Akım, devre elemanına gerilimin pozitif kutbundan girip negatif terminalden çıktığında pasif kurala uymaktadır. Bu kurala göre gerilim, akımın gösterdiği yönde pozitif bir yükü iter. Sonuç olarak, eleman geriliminin eleman akımıyla çarpılmasıyla hesaplanan güç, elemanın aldığı gücü temsil eder. Bu güce bazen "element tarafından emilen güç" veya "element tarafından harcanan güç" adı verilir. Daha da önemlisi, bir eleman tarafından alınan güç, elemanın geriliminin ve akımının gerçek değerlerine bağlı olarak pozitif veya negatif değerler alabilir.

Öte yandan pasif kurala uyulmadığı durumlarda akım, devre elemanına gerilimin negatif terminalinden girer ve pozitif terminalden çıkar. Bu durumda gerilim, akımın gösterdiği yönde pozitif bir yüke neden olur. Bu nedenle elemanın gerilimi ve akımı pasif kurala uymadığında bu değerlerin çarpılmasıyla hesaplanan güç, elemanın sağladığı gücü temsil eder. Alınan güce benzer şekilde, sağlanan güç de elemanın geriliminin ve akımının belirli değerlerine bağlı olarak pozitif veya negatif olabilir.

Bir elemanın aldığı güç ile aynı elemanın sağladığı güç arasındaki ilişki şu şekilde ifade edilir:

<img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 14px;" />

Elemanın gerilimi ve akımı pasif kuralla aynı hizada olduğunda, bir elemanın aldığı enerji şu şekilde verilir:

<img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 64px;" />

Enerji, iş yapma kapasitesi olarak tanımlanır ve joule (J) cinsinden ifade edilir.

Güç ve Enerji

Enerji, akımı devreden geçirmek için gereken toplam iştir.
Voltajdaki bir artış, daha fazla iş yapılmasına, daha fazla akım geçmesine neden olur, bu da ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrik Mühendisliği

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Basics of Electric Circuits

Elektrik Devrelerinin Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

circuit power, absorption, and supply

Circuit power, absorption, and supply explain how much energy an element uses or delivers in an electric circuit. These ideas matter in electrical engineering because power and energy calculations help describe circuit behavior. A 100-watt light bulb, for example, emits more light than a 60-watt bulb, so wattage is a useful measure in real devices.

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. It is measured in watts, written as W. The relation between power and energy uses the variables p for power in watts, w for energy in joules, and t for time in seconds.

For a circuit element, power is found by multiplying the voltage across the element by the current through it. When current enters the positive terminal of the voltage and leaves the negative terminal, the passive convention is used. In this case, the voltage pushes positive charge in the same direction as the current.

Under the passive convention, the product of voltage and current gives the power received by the element. This is also called absorbed power or dissipated power. The received power can be positive or negative, depending on the actual voltage and current values.

If the current enters at the negative terminal and leaves at the positive terminal, the passive convention is not followed. Then the voltage drives positive charge opposite to the current direction. In that case, the product of voltage and current represents the power supplied by the element, and this supplied power can also be positive or negative.

The power received by an element and the power supplied by the same element are related. When voltage and current follow the passive convention, the energy received by the element is given by the power-energy relation over time. Energy is the capacity to perform work, and it is measured in joules, or J.

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply

charge and current

Electric Charge in Circuits

Electric charge in circuits explains how charged particles behave in matter and how current is produced. Everyday static effects, like a wool sweater sticking to the body or a shock from a carpet, show charge in action. Charge is an inherent property of atomic particles and is measured in coulombs (C). Matter is made of atoms with electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge (-e), and protons carry a positive charge (+e). These two charges have the same magnitude. An...

voltage

Voltage in Electric Circuits

Voltage in electric circuits is the energy needed to move electric charge between two points. It is also called electromotive force, or EMF. In most circuits, an external force such as a battery provides this energy for electron movement in a conductor. The voltage between points a and b is written as v_ab. It is defined as the work, or energy, needed to move a unit charge from point a to point b. In the equation, w is the energy in joules and q is the charge in coulombs. Voltage is measured...

power and energy

Circuit power, absorption, and supply explain how much energy an element uses or delivers in an electric circuit. These ideas matter in electrical engineering because power and energy calculations help describe circuit behavior. A 100-watt light bulb, for example, emits more light than a 60-watt bulb, so wattage is a useful measure in real devices. Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. It is measured in watts, written as W. The relation between power and energy uses the...

electric circuit elements

Circuit Elements: Passive, Active, and Linear

Circuit elements are the building blocks of an electric circuit. An electric circuit is the connection of these elements. In this context, circuit elements are often grouped by how they behave and whether they supply energy. One major group is passive elements. These elements do not generate energy. Common passive elements include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The other group is active elements, which can generate energy. Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers are typical...

circuit terminology

Circuit Parts: Branches, Nodes, and Loops

Circuit parts like branches, nodes, loops, and meshes help describe how electrical networks work. An electrical network is a system of connected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, a network does not have to form a closed path. A circuit is also made of connected electrical elements, but it must include one or more closed paths. These loops let current flow continuously, which is what makes the circuit operate. Because of this,...

independent and dependent sources

Circuit Source Symbols and Controls

Circuit sources in electrical circuits can be independent or dependent. They provide the power a circuit needs to operate. Independent voltage sources supply a fixed voltage, and independent current sources supply a fixed current. Their output does not change because of other parts in the circuit. These sources use standard symbols in circuit diagrams. An independent voltage source is shown with + and - signs to mark the potential difference. An independent current source is shown with an...

ohm's law

Resistance and Conductance in Circuits

Resistance and conductance help explain how electric current moves through a circuit. Resistors are basic circuit parts made from metallic alloys or carbon compounds. They are used to model how a material resists current and to control and regulate electrical power in a circuit. Ohm's law describes the link between voltage and current across a resistor. The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it. The constant that sets this relationship is resistance.

kirchhoff's current law

Kirchhoff's Current Law at Circuit Nodes

Kirchhoff's Current Law explains how current behaves at a circuit node. A node is the point where two or more circuit elements meet. The law says the current entering a node equals the current leaving it. That balance follows the rule of charge conservation, which means electric charge is not lost at the junction. When applying KCL, currents entering the node are treated as positive and currents leaving the node are treated as negative. The currents can be added algebraically at the node, and...

kirchhoff's voltage law

Voltage Balance in Closed Circuit Loops

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law explains how voltage is balanced in a closed circuit loop. It is a basic rule in electrical engineering and comes from the idea of energy conservation. Energy can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path, or loop, is zero. In other words, the total voltage supplied in a loop equals the total voltage drop across the components in that loop. A loop can be traced clockwise or anticlockwise,...

voltage dividers

Series Resistors and Voltage Split

Series resistors split voltage across a circuit. In a series setup, resistors are linked one after another. The same current flows through each resistor in the chain. To analyze this behavior, Ohm's law is used to relate voltage, current, and resistance. Kirchhoff's voltage law says the voltages around a series loop add up to the source voltage. That means the current in the circuit equals the source voltage divided by the total resistance in series. The current value can then be used in Ohm's...

current dividers

Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Parallel resistors share the same two nodes, so each resistor has the same voltage across it. In this circuit setup, Kirchhoff's current law applies. The source current equals the sum of the currents through each branch. Ohm's law helps find the branch currents from the source voltage and the resistor values. The source current is equal to the source voltage times the sum of the reciprocals of the resistances. This makes it easier to calculate how current divides in the circuit. The current...

equivalent resistance

Delta-Wye Network Conversion

Delta-wye network conversion helps analyze resistor circuits that are not arranged in simple series or parallel paths. These three-terminal equivalent networks use the wye (Y), also called tee (T), and the delta (Δ), also called pi (π), as practical circuit models. These networks are useful in many circuit settings. They appear in three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks. They can also be used on their own or combined with more complex circuits. A delta...

design example: resistive touchscreen

Resistive Touchscreen Voltage Mapping

A resistive touchscreen uses voltage mapping to locate a finger touch on a mobile device. It is built from two metallic layers. The top layer is flexible, and the bottom layer is rigid. A narrow gap separates them, and the high resistance between the layers is an important part of the design. When a user touches the screen, the two layers meet at one point. That contact point is called the touchpoint. The touch lowers the resistance between the layers at that spot and changes the electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how voltage, current, and the passive convention determine circuit power, absorbed power, supplied power, and energy in joules for high school circuits.

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Elektrik Mühendisliği, devre analizi teknikleriyle birlikte elektrik devrelerinin temel kavramlarını kapsayan, anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolar sunar. Operasyonel amplifikatörler ve devre dönüşümü kavramlarını kullanarak birinci dereceden ve ikinci dereceden devreleri içerir. Pratik tasarım örneklerinin ve gerçek dünya uygulamalarının bilim insanlarınca hazırlanan videolar aracılığıyla dahil edilmesi, karmaşık kavramları erişilebilir hale getirerek önemli bir eğitim değeri katmaktadır.

electrical engineering

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U2.7

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

HS.P4

HS.P4U3.9

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-5

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First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving

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Conservation of Energy Approach to System Analysis

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Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

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Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known. 

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy, kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

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Gravitational Potential Energy

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Types of Kinetic Energy

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Kinetic Energy - I

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Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Work-energy Theorem

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Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects). 

Clarification statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, the energy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Examples of models could include diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations.

HS-PS3-2

Conservation of Energy

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Conservation of Energy: Application

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Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
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Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. 

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Assessment Boundary: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.

HS-PS3-3

Heat Flow and Specific Heat

Heat is a type of energy transfer that is caused by a temperature difference, and it can change the temperature of an object. Since heat is a form of ...

Calorimetry

When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A ...

statements-of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius&#8217; statement ...

entropy-and-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
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Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...

Work Done During Volume Change

In mechanics, work is done on an object when the force acting on it displaces the object. In thermodynamics, work done on a system can be estimated when ...

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Internal Energy

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). 

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

HS-PS3-4

Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism

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Magnetic Force

In addition to the electric forces between electric charges, moving electric charges exert magnetic forces on each other. A magnetic field is created by a ...

Magnetic Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Electric Fields

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
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Electric Potential Energy

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge q, it is given kinetic energy. The process is analogous to an object accelerated by a ...

Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction. 

Clarification statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

HS-PS3-5

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply

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