Name: circuit elements: passive, active, and linear
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

Devre elemanları, bir elektrik devresinin temel yapı taşlarıdır. Aktif ve pasif unsurlar olarak kategorize edilebilirler.
Aktif elementler enerji üretebilirken, pasif elementler enerjiyi emer.
Aktif elemanlara örnek olarak voltaj veya akım kaynakları verilebilirken, dirençler, kapasitörler ve indüktörler pasif elemanlara örnektir.
Devre elemanları ayrıca doğrusal veya doğrusal olmayan olarak sınıflandırılabilir.
Bir devre veya bir eleman, elemanın uyarılması ve tepkisi süperpozisyon ve homojenlik ilkelerini takip ederse doğrusal olarak kabul edilir.
Bir v1 voltajının i1 yanıtına yol açtığını ve v2 voltajının i2 yanıtına yol açtığını varsayalım. Eleman, voltajların toplamına yanıtların toplamı ile yanıt verirse, süperpozisyon ilkesini sağlar.
Ek olarak, homojenlik özelliği, doğrusal bir cihazın girişinin herhangi bir sabit ile çarpılması, çıktının eşdeğer bir çarpımı ile sonuçlandığında karşılanır.
Dirençler, kapasitörler ve indüktörler gibi doğrusal elemanlar doğrusal özellikler sergiler.
Termistörler gibi elemanlar, bu prensiplere uymadıkları için doğrusal değildir.

elektrik devre elemanları

Devre elemanları bir elektrik devresinin temel yapı taşlarıdır. Temel olarak bir elektrik devresi bu elemanların birbirine bağlanmasıdır. Elektrik devrelerinde iki tür devre elemanı bulunabilir: pasif ve aktif. Aktif elemanların enerji üretme yeteneği vardır, pasif elemanların ise yoktur. Pasif devre elemanları; dirençler, kapasitörler ve indüktörler gibi bileşenleri içerirken aktif devre elemanları genellikle jeneratörleri, pilleri ve işlemsel yükselteçleri kapsar.

En önemli aktif devre elemanları, genellikle bağlı devreye güç sağlayan gerilim veya akım kaynaklarıdır. Devre elemanlarını sınıflandırmanın birçok yolu vardır. Örneğin, doğrusal modelleri doğrusal olmayan modellerden ayırmak çok önemlidir çünkü tamamen doğrusal devre elemanlarından oluşan devrelerin analizi, bazı doğrusal olmayan devre elemanlarının bulunduğu devrelere göre daha kolaydır.

Bir devre elemanının uyarılması ve tepkisi belirli koşulları karşılıyorsa, bir devre elemanı veya devre doğrusal olarak kabul edilir. Hem süperpozisyon hem de homojenlik özellikleri doğrusal bir devre elemanı tarafından karşılanır. Uyarımın akım (i) ve yanıtın gerilim (v) olduğu bir senaryo düşünün. Devre elemanı, bir akıma (i1) maruz kalırsa, bir yanıt (v1) verir. Benzer şekilde devre elemanı başka bir akıma (i2) maruz kaldığında bir tepki (v2) ortaya çıkar.

Süperpozisyon veya homojenlik ilkesini karşılamayan herhangi bir devre elemanı doğrusal olmayan olarak sınıflandırılır. Termistörler bu tür doğrusal olmayan devre elemanlarının örnekleridir.

Elektrik Devre Elemanları

Devre elemanları, bir elektrik devresinin temel yapı taşlarıdır. Aktif ve pasif unsurlar olarak kategorize edilebilirler.
Aktif elemanlar ...

Education

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrik Mühendisliği

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Basics of Electric Circuits

Elektrik Devrelerinin Temelleri

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

Electric Circuit Elements

circuit elements: passive, active, and linear

Circuit elements are the building blocks of an electric circuit. An electric circuit is the connection of these elements. In this context, circuit elements are often grouped by how they behave and whether they supply energy.

One major group is passive elements. These elements do not generate energy. Common passive elements include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The other group is active elements, which can generate energy. Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers are typical active elements, and voltage or current sources are especially important because they usually provide power to the connected circuit.

Circuit elements can also be sorted as linear or nonlinear. This distinction matters because circuits made only of linear elements are easier to analyze than circuits that include nonlinear parts. A linear element follows both superposition and homogeneity. If the input is current, then one current level produces one voltage response, and another current level produces another response in a predictable way.

An element is nonlinear if it does not satisfy superposition or homogeneity. Thermistors are examples of nonlinear circuit elements. These categories help describe how circuit parts behave and how a circuit responds to electrical signals.

Circuit Elements: Passive, Active, and Linear

circuit-elements-passive-active-and-linear

charge and current

Electric Charge in Circuits

Electric charge in circuits explains how charged particles behave in matter and how current is produced. Everyday static effects, like a wool sweater sticking to the body or a shock from a carpet, show charge in action. Charge is an inherent property of atomic particles and is measured in coulombs (C). Matter is made of atoms with electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge (-e), and protons carry a positive charge (+e). These two charges have the same magnitude. An...

voltage

Voltage in Electric Circuits

Voltage in electric circuits is the energy needed to move electric charge between two points. It is also called electromotive force, or EMF. In most circuits, an external force such as a battery provides this energy for electron movement in a conductor. The voltage between points a and b is written as v_ab. It is defined as the work, or energy, needed to move a unit charge from point a to point b. In the equation, w is the energy in joules and q is the charge in coulombs. Voltage is measured...

power and energy

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply

Circuit power, absorption, and supply explain how much energy an element uses or delivers in an electric circuit. These ideas matter in electrical engineering because power and energy calculations help describe circuit behavior. A 100-watt light bulb, for example, emits more light than a 60-watt bulb, so wattage is a useful measure in real devices. Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. It is measured in watts, written as W. The relation between power and energy uses the...

electric circuit elements

Circuit elements are the building blocks of an electric circuit. An electric circuit is the connection of these elements. In this context, circuit elements are often grouped by how they behave and whether they supply energy. One major group is passive elements. These elements do not generate energy. Common passive elements include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The other group is active elements, which can generate energy. Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers are typical...

circuit terminology

Circuit Parts: Branches, Nodes, and Loops

Circuit parts like branches, nodes, loops, and meshes help describe how electrical networks work. An electrical network is a system of connected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, a network does not have to form a closed path. A circuit is also made of connected electrical elements, but it must include one or more closed paths. These loops let current flow continuously, which is what makes the circuit operate. Because of this,...

independent and dependent sources

Circuit Source Symbols and Controls

Circuit sources in electrical circuits can be independent or dependent. They provide the power a circuit needs to operate. Independent voltage sources supply a fixed voltage, and independent current sources supply a fixed current. Their output does not change because of other parts in the circuit. These sources use standard symbols in circuit diagrams. An independent voltage source is shown with + and - signs to mark the potential difference. An independent current source is shown with an...

ohm's law

Resistance and Conductance in Circuits

Resistance and conductance help explain how electric current moves through a circuit. Resistors are basic circuit parts made from metallic alloys or carbon compounds. They are used to model how a material resists current and to control and regulate electrical power in a circuit. Ohm's law describes the link between voltage and current across a resistor. The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it. The constant that sets this relationship is resistance.

kirchhoff's current law

Kirchhoff's Current Law at Circuit Nodes

Kirchhoff's Current Law explains how current behaves at a circuit node. A node is the point where two or more circuit elements meet. The law says the current entering a node equals the current leaving it. That balance follows the rule of charge conservation, which means electric charge is not lost at the junction. When applying KCL, currents entering the node are treated as positive and currents leaving the node are treated as negative. The currents can be added algebraically at the node, and...

kirchhoff's voltage law

Voltage Balance in Closed Circuit Loops

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law explains how voltage is balanced in a closed circuit loop. It is a basic rule in electrical engineering and comes from the idea of energy conservation. Energy can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path, or loop, is zero. In other words, the total voltage supplied in a loop equals the total voltage drop across the components in that loop. A loop can be traced clockwise or anticlockwise,...

voltage dividers

Series Resistors and Voltage Split

Series resistors split voltage across a circuit. In a series setup, resistors are linked one after another. The same current flows through each resistor in the chain. To analyze this behavior, Ohm's law is used to relate voltage, current, and resistance. Kirchhoff's voltage law says the voltages around a series loop add up to the source voltage. That means the current in the circuit equals the source voltage divided by the total resistance in series. The current value can then be used in Ohm's...

current dividers

Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Parallel resistors share the same two nodes, so each resistor has the same voltage across it. In this circuit setup, Kirchhoff's current law applies. The source current equals the sum of the currents through each branch. Ohm's law helps find the branch currents from the source voltage and the resistor values. The source current is equal to the source voltage times the sum of the reciprocals of the resistances. This makes it easier to calculate how current divides in the circuit. The current...

equivalent resistance

Delta-Wye Network Conversion

Delta-wye network conversion helps analyze resistor circuits that are not arranged in simple series or parallel paths. These three-terminal equivalent networks use the wye (Y), also called tee (T), and the delta (Δ), also called pi (π), as practical circuit models. These networks are useful in many circuit settings. They appear in three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks. They can also be used on their own or combined with more complex circuits. A delta...

design example: resistive touchscreen

Resistive Touchscreen Voltage Mapping

A resistive touchscreen uses voltage mapping to locate a finger touch on a mobile device. It is built from two metallic layers. The top layer is flexible, and the bottom layer is rigid. A narrow gap separates them, and the high resistance between the layers is an important part of the design. When a user touches the screen, the two layers meet at one point. That contact point is called the touchpoint. The touch lowers the resistance between the layers at that spot and changes the electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how circuit elements are grouped as passive or active, and how linear and nonlinear behavior affects circuit analysis. Includes examples like batteries and thermistors.

Circuit Elements: Passive, Active, and Linear | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Elektrik Mühendisliği, devre analizi teknikleriyle birlikte elektrik devrelerinin temel kavramlarını kapsayan, anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolar sunar. Operasyonel amplifikatörler ve devre dönüşümü kavramlarını kullanarak birinci dereceden ve ikinci dereceden devreleri içerir. Pratik tasarım örneklerinin ve gerçek dünya uygulamalarının bilim insanlarınca hazırlanan videolar aracılığıyla dahil edilmesi, karmaşık kavramları erişilebilir hale getirerek önemli bir eğitim değeri katmaktadır.

electrical engineering

Circuit Elements: Passive, Active, and Linear

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