Name: normal stress in axial loading
Uploaded: 2024-03-07T13:22:32.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

Eksenel bir kuvvete maruz kalan bir çubuk düşünün; Sonuç olarak, enine kesit alanı boyunca gerilme olarak adlandırılan bir direnç kuvveti geliştirilir. SI gerilme birimi metrekare başına Newton'dur.
Şimdi, eksenel bir kuvvete maruz kalan bir köprü kafes kiriş elemanını düşünün. Normal gerilme olarak adlandırılan kesit düzlemine normal iç kuvvetler ve gerilme geliştirir.
Ortaya çıkan normal gerilim, belirli bir noktadan ziyade enine kesit üzerindeki ortalama gerilimi temsil eder.
Denge koşullarına göre, iç kuvvetler uygulanan kuvvete eşittir, bu da uygulama noktasının yakınları dışında gerilme dağılımının eşit olduğu anlamına gelir.
Bununla birlikte, bu düzgün dağılım, ancak yüklerin hareket hattı, merkezli yükleme olarak adlandırılan bölümün merkezinden geçerse mümkündür.
Eksenel yükleme eksantrik olarak uygulandığında, oluşturulan ek moment nedeniyle kuvvetlerin ve gerilmelerin dağılımı düzgün veya simetrik olamaz.
Bu nedenle, eksenel olarak yüklenmiş bir elemandaki gerçek gerilim dağılımı statik olarak belirsizdir ve belirli yük uygulama moduna bağlıdır.

normal gerilim

Normal gerilim, kuvvetlerin bir malzemenin kesit alanına dik veya normal etki etmesi durumunda ortaya çıkan bir gerilim türüdür. Bu gerilim genellikle yapılarda, bir nesnenin ekseni boyunca uygulanan kuvvet anlamına gelen eksenel yüklemeye maruz kaldığında ortaya çıkar. Bunun pratik bir örneği köprü kafes elemanlarında bulunabilir.


 Bir çubuk eksenel yük altında olduğunda, iç kuvvetler ve buna karşılık gelen gerilme, kesit düzlemine normaldir, dolayısıyla buna normal gerilme denir. Stresin belirli bir noktadaki değil, kesit üzerindeki ortalama stres değerini temsil ettiğini unutmamak önemlidir. Ortalama gerilim, kesit boyunca dağıtılan bileşke iç kuvvetlerin büyüklüğünün kesit alanına bölünmesiyle hesaplanır.


 <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15579/15579_Equation_1.svg" style="height: 42px;">


 Ancak belirli bir noktadaki gerilim, kesit boyunca değişiklik gösterdiğinden ortalama gerilimden farklı olabilir. Özellikle eksenel yükler altındaki ince çubuklarda, yük uygulama noktalarının yakınında değişiklik önemli olabilir.


 Denge koşulları, merkezi yükleme varsayılarak, yakın yük uygulama noktaları hariç, eksenel olarak yüklenen elemanlarda düzgün gerilme dağılımını önerir. Bununla birlikte, eksantrik yükleme, ilave momentler nedeniyle üniform olmayan bir gerilim oluşturur ve bu da statik olarak belirsiz gerilim dağılımına işaret eder.

Normal gerilim

Eksenel bir kuvvete maruz kalan bir çubuk düşünün; Sonuç olarak, kesit alanı boyunca gerilme olarak adlandırılan bir direnç kuvveti geliştirilir. SI ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

Makine Mühendisliği

Unit 1

Ünite 1

Concept of Stress

Stres Kavramı

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TEMEL TERİMLER VE KAVRAMLAR

Normal Stress

normal stress in axial loading

Normal stress acts perpendicular to a material’s cross-sectional area. It appears when a force is applied along the axis of an object, which is called axial loading. Bridge truss members are a practical example of this kind of loading.

When a rod carries axial load, internal forces develop across the section. Because these forces act normal to the plane of the section, the stress is called normal stress. Stress here means the average stress over the whole cross-section, not the value at one exact point.

The average stress is found by dividing the resultant internal force by the cross-sectional area. The stress at a specific point can be different from that average, since it may vary across the section. In slender rods under axial load, that variation can be large near the points where the load is applied.

For a centric load, equilibrium suggests a uniform stress distribution in an axially loaded member, except near the load application points. Eccentric loading changes that pattern. It creates non-uniform stress because extra moments act on the member, so the stress distribution becomes statically indeterminate.

Normal Stress in Axial Loading

normal stress

Normal stress acts perpendicular to a material’s cross-sectional area. It appears when a force is applied along the axis of an object, which is called axial loading. Bridge truss members are a practical example of this kind of loading. When a rod carries axial load, internal forces develop across the section. Because these forces act normal to the plane of the section, the stress is called normal stress. Stress here means the average stress over the whole cross-section, not the value at one...

shearing stress

Shear Forces in Bolts and Rivets

Shearing stress is caused by transverse forces acting on an object. These forces create internal forces in the plane where the external forces are applied. The total internal force in that section is called the shear. Average shearing stress is found by dividing the shear by the cross-sectional area. This value is only an average, because shear stress is not spread evenly across the section. It can be zero at the surface and much higher than the average in other areas. Bolts, pins, and rivets...

bearing stress

Bolt-to-Plate Contact Pressure

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between two separate bodies. A common example is a bolt pushed through a plate. The bolt applies a force to the plate, and the plate pushes back with an equal and opposite force. That force is not a single point load. It is made up of many smaller forces spread across the contact surface between the bolt and the plate. Because these microforces are complex, engineers use an average value called bearing stress. Bearing stress is found by dividing the...

applications of stress

Boom and Rod Stress Analysis

Boom and rod stress analysis shows how a pinned support structure carries a load. The boom and the rod are connected by a pin and held in place by brackets and pins. The structure is then separated from its supports so the forces can be studied clearly. A free-body diagram is drawn to identify every force on the boom, the rod, and the load. The reaction forces on both members are found using equilibrium equations. At point P, the reaction causes compression in the boom. At point R, the...

stress on an oblique plane

Axial Load Stress on Inclined Sections

Axial loading creates stress in a material along its central axis. This kind of load can cause compression or elongation, and it produces normal stress. Normal stress acts perpendicular to the material area and can be either tensile or compressive. When the section is not perpendicular to the load, it becomes an oblique plane. On this inclined plane, the stress state includes both normal stress and shearing stress. Shearing stress acts parallel to the area and changes shape without changing...

stress: general loading conditions

Stress Components on a Loaded Body

Stress components on a loaded body can be found by cutting the body through a point with a plane parallel to the xy plane. That section carries the original loads, along with normal forces and shearing forces. The result is a simple way to describe how a structure responds under combined loading. The shearing force in the section can point in different directions within the plane. It is split into two parts that run parallel to the x and y axes. Each part is divided by the area, and as that...

components of stress

Stress Components on a Cube at a Point

Stress components on a small cube help describe how a body behaves under multiple loading. The cube is centered at point O and has stress acting on all six faces, whether the faces are visible or hidden. Normal stress components σx, σy, and σz act perpendicular to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components also act on the cube faces. The visible faces carry shear stresses such as τxy and τxz. The hidden faces carry equal and opposite stresses. This balance keeps the cube in equilibrium.

design consideration

Safety Factors in Structural Design

Safety factors in structural design help engineers choose a material and loading limit that can be used safely. The process begins with a material’s ultimate strength. This value comes from tests that increase force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load is then divided by the original cross-sectional area to find the ultimate normal stress, or strength. Ultimate shearing stress is another key value used in design. These limits show how much stress a material...

key terms and concepts

Learn how normal stress forms in axially loaded members, how to calculate average stress, and why stress can vary across a cross-section.

Normal Stress in Axial Loading | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Makine Mühendisliği, denge, kuvvetler, kafes kiriş analizi ve yapısal mekanik gibi temel konuları kapsayan kısa, anlaşılması kolay animasyonlu videolar sunar. Gerçek dünyadaki uygulamalarını keşfedin ve bilim insanlarının önderlik ettiği deneylerle bu kavramların uygulanmasına tanık olun.

mechanical engineering

Normal Stress in Axial Loading

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