development-of-a-3d-graphene-electrode-dielectrophoretic-device

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

The design and fabrication of a novel 3D electrode microdevice using 50 &#181;m thick graphene paper and 100 &#181;m double sided tape is described. The ...

Michigan Technological University

Electrokinetic flow of a suspension of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) in 20 num cylindrical fused-silica capillaries is examined in the present work. Flow direction anomalies are observed experimentally and tentatively explained by the development of a pH gradient between the cathode well and the anode well due to electrolysis reactions at the electrodes. This pH gradient alters the local zeta potentials of both the capillary and the RBC and thus the local electroendosmotic liquid flow (EOF) velocities and RBC electrophoretic (EP) velocities. The two velocities are opposite in direction but with EOF dominating such that the RBC moves toward the cathode, opposite to the anode migration observed in bulk conditions. The opposing zeta potentials also lead to RBC aggregation at the anode end for low fields less than 25 V/cm. As the electroendosmotic velocity decreases at the anode end due to decreasing pH, pressure-driven back flow develops to oppose the original EOF at the remaining portions of the capillary ensuring constant fluid flux. When the anode EOF velocity is smaller in magnitude than the EP velocity, reversal of blood cell transport is observed after a short transient time in which a pH gradient forms. RBC velocities and pH dependencies on electric field and MgCl(2) concentration are presented along with data showing the accumulation of charge separation across the capillary. Also, a short-term solution to the pH gradient formation is presented that could help thwart development of pH gradients in micro-devices at lower voltages.

Electrokinetic transport of red blood cells in microcapillaries.

The motion of a suspension of erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) in response to a high-frequency alternating current (AC) field in a microfluidic device is examined with parallel and orthogonal electrode configurations to delineate the various fundamental driving forces. Cell repulsion from the platinum electrodes due to electrode polarization interacting with cell membrane polarizations is observed to be the strongest force acting on the particles in the first few seconds of field application. We exploit this strong repulsion to concentrate the bioparticles between the microelectrodes to amplify multiparticle aggregation phenomenon and dielectrophoretic (DEP) manipulation in a small and well-characterized region within the microfluidic device. Secondary motions include RBC pearl chain formation along field lines due to particle polarization followed by classical dielectrophoretic motion of the chains across field lines to regions of weaker field. These are driven by far weaker dipole-dipole and field-dipole interactions than the preliminary electrode repulsions. RBC chain length and total aggregated cells are presented for a variety of AC frequencies and are significantly amplified by the electrode repulsion. Motion of particles away from the polarized electrode is found to be species- and age-sensitive and can stand by itself as a promising identification and separation mechanism. In a 0.1 S/m isotonic phosphate buffer saline medium, we observe the largest cell mobilities at an optimal frequency of approximately 1 MHz, corresponding to the inverse diffusion time across the double layer of the cell and across the electrode's polarized layer. This suggests that the dielectric responses of both particles and electrodes in the low MHz frequency range are mostly determined by normal electromigration of ions from the bulk to their interfaces. Sensitivity to RBC age and species suggests that the surface proteins and membrane ion channels can affect the capacitance of the interface to accommodate the ions from the bulk. Such surface ion accumulation and polarization mechanisms are different from the classical dielectric theories. The resonant frequency of electrode polarization at around 1 MHz falls between positive and negative dielectrophoretic resonant frequency peaks - suggesting that the double-layer polarization mechanism is a distinct and potentially important bioparticle manipulation tool.

Manipulation and characterization of red blood cells with alternating current fields in microdevices.

Nanotechnology-based materials are beginning to emerge as promising platforms for biomedical analysis, but measurement and control at the cell-chip interface remain challenging. This idea served as the basis for discussion in a focus group at the recent National Academies Keck Futures Initiative. In this Perspective, we first outline recent advances and limitations in measuring nanoscale mechanical, biochemical, and electrical interactions at the interface between biomaterials and living cells. Second, we present emerging experimental and conceptual platforms for probing living cells with nanotechnology-based tools in a microfluidic chip. Finally, we explore future directions and critical needs for engineering the cell-chip interface to create an integrated system capable of high-resolution analysis and control of cellular physiology.

Designing a nano-interface in a microfluidic chip to probe living cells: challenges and perspectives.

I ricercatori si sono riuniti per il 24th Annual Meeting della societ&agrave; di elettroforesi americano (AES), che si &egrave; tenuto il 4-9 novembre 2007, presso il Salt Palace Convention Center a Salt Lake City, UT, USA. La riunione annuale AES &egrave; tenuta in concomitanza con la riunione annuale della American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Riunione di quest&#39;anno ha avuto una notevole enfasi sui progressi teorici e sperimentali della proteomica tecnologie, elettrocinesi e biologico Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (BioMEMS). Un totale di 15 sessioni sono tenuti, entro il quale sono stati discussi 71 presentazioni e 18 poster. Questa review fornisce un breve campionamento della emozionante ricerca presentato alla conferenza.

Recensione di elettroforesi e BioMEMS nel 2007: societ&agrave; americana di elettroforesi 24th Annual Meeting.

&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x306E;AES&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x304C;&#x3068;&#x4E00;&#x7DD2;&#x306B;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x308B;&#x30BD;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30EC;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30B7;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x3001;&#x30E6;&#x30BF;&#x5DDE;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x30BD;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30D1;&#x30EC;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30D9;&#x30F3;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x3067;11&#x6708;4-9&#x3001;2007&#x5E74;&#x958B;&#x50AC;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#xFF08;AES&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x7B2C;24&#x56DE;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x4E00;&#x7DD2;&#x306B;&#x6765;&#x305F;&#x7C73;&#x56FD;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5DE5;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#xFF08;AIChE&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;&#x3002;&#x4ECA;&#x5E74;&#x306E;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x30DE;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30A8;&#x30EC;&#x30AF;&#x30C8;&#x200B;&#x200B;&#x30ED;&#x30E1;&#x30AB;&#x30CB;&#x30AB;&#x30EB;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#xFF08;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30AA;MEMS&#xFF09;&#x3001;&#x52D5;&#x96FB;&#x5B66;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30C6;&#x30AA;&#x30DF;&#x30AF;&#x30B9;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x306E;&#x7406;&#x8AD6;&#x7684;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x5B9F;&#x9A13;&#x7684;&#x9032;&#x6B69;&#x306B;&#x5927;&#x304D;&#x306A;&#x91CD;&#x70B9;&#x3092;&#x7F6E;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; 15&#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x5408;&#x8A08;&#x306F;71&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30EC;&#x30BC;&#x30F3;&#x30C6;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3068;18&#x306E;&#x30DD;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x304C;&#x8B70;&#x8AD6;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x4E2D;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x958B;&#x50AC;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x3067;&#x767A;&#x8868;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30A8;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x306A;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x7C21;&#x5358;&#x306A;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

2007&#x5E74;&#x306E;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x6CF3;&#x52D5;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30AA;MEMS&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#xFF1A;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#x7B2C;24&#x56DE;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;

&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x805A;&#x96C6;&#x5728;&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x7684;&#x7B2C; 24 &#x6B21;&#x5E74;&#x4F1A;&#x7684;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x793E;&#x4F1A; (AES)&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x5728;&#x76D0;&#x6E56;&#x57CE;&#xFF0C;UT&#xFF0C;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x5728;&#x76D0;&#x5BAB;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E2D;&#x5FC3;&#x4E3E;&#x884C;&#x4E86; 2007 &#x5E74; 11 &#x6708; 4-9&#x5E74;&#x5EA6; AES &#x53EC;&#x5F00;&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x4E0E;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5DE5;&#x7A0B;&#x5E08;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x7684; &#xFF08;&#x63CF;&#x5199;&#x4E86;&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x5E74;&#x5EA6;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x3002;&#x4ECA;&#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E86;&#x5DE8;&#x5927;&#x91CD;&#x70B9;&#x653E;&#x5728;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x5FAE;&#x7535;&#x673A;&#x68B0;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF; (BioMEMS)&#x3001; &#x7535;&#x52A8;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E0B;&#x548C;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x7EC4;&#x5B66;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x7684;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x548C;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x8FDB;&#x5C55;&#x3002;&#x4E3E;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x5171; 15 &#x5C4A;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x8BA8;&#x8BBA;&#x4E86; 71 &#x6F14;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x7A3F;&#x548C; 18 &#x7684;&#x6D77;&#x62A5;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x9879;&#x68C0;&#x8BA8;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7B80;&#x77ED;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E0A;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x4EE4;&#x4EBA;&#x5174;&#x594B;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x53D6;&#x6837;&#x3002;

&#x5728; 2007 &#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x548C; BioMEMS &#x5BA1;&#x67E5;&#xFF1A; &#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#x7B2C; 24 &#x6B21;&#x5E74;&#x4F1A;&#x3002;

Researchers came together for the 24th Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society (AES), which was held November 4-9, 2007, at the Salt Palace Convention Center in Salt Lake City, UT, U.S.A. The Annual AES meeting is held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). This year's meeting had a significant emphasis on theoretical and experimental advances in Biological Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (BioMEMS), electrokinetics, and proteomics technologies. A total of 15 sessions were held, within which 71 presentations and 18 posters were discussed. This review provides a brief sampling of the exciting research presented at the conference.

Review of electrophoresis and BioMEMS in 2007: American Electrophoresis Society 24th Annual Meeting.

Les chercheurs se sont r&#xE9;unis pour la 24&#xE8;me r&#xE9;union annuelle de la Soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; am&#xE9;ricaine d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se (AES), qui a eu lieu Novembre 4-9, 2007, au Centre de Convention Salt Palace &#xE0; Salt Lake City, UT, USA La r&#xE9;union annuelle AES est tenu en conjonction avec la r&#xE9;union annuelle de l&#x26;#39;American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). La r&#xE9;union de cette ann&#xE9;e a eu un accent particulier sur les progr&#xE8;s th&#xE9;oriques et exp&#xE9;rimentales dans Biological Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (BioMEMS), &#xE9;lectrocin&#xE9;tique, et la prot&#xE9;omique. Un total de 15 s&#xE9;ances ont eu lieu, au sein duquel 71 pr&#xE9;sentations et 18 affiches ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; discut&#xE9;s. Cet examen donne un bref &#xE9;chantillon de la recherche passionnante pr&#xE9;sent&#xE9;e &#xE0; la conf&#xE9;rence.

Examen de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se et l&#x26;#39;BioMEMS en 2007: American Society &#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se 24&#xE8;me r&#xE9;union annuelle

Forscher kamen zusammen, f&uuml;r die 24. Jahrestagung des American Elektrophorese Society (AES), die 4-9 November 2007, im Salt Palace Convention Center in Salt Lake City, UT, USA stattfand Die j&auml;hrliche AES-Sitzung ist in Verbindung mit der Jahrestagung der American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) statt. Das diesj&auml;hrige Treffen hatte eine deutliche Betonung der theoretische und experimentelle Fortschritte in der biologischen Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (BioMEMS), Electrokinetics und Proteomics-Technologien. Insgesamt 15 Sitzungen fanden, innerhalb derer wurden 71 Vortr&auml;ge und 18 Poster diskutiert. Diese &Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung stellt eine kurze Auswahl der spannende Forschung auf der Konferenz vorgestellt.

&Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung der Elektrophorese und BioMEMS im 2007: amerikanische Gesellschaft der Elektrophorese 24th Annual Meeting.

&#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xD300;&#xC740; 24 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC758; &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xC0AC;&#xD68C; (AES), 2007 &#xB144; 11 &#xC6D4; 4-9, &#xC194;&#xD2B8; &#xB808;&#xC774;&#xD06C; &#xC2DC;&#xD2F0;, &#xC720;&#xD0C0;, &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC194;&#xD2B8; &#xD330;&#xB9AC;&#xC2A4; &#xCEE8;&#xBCA4;&#xC158; &#xC13C;&#xD130;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC1C;&#xCD5C; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xC628; &#xC5F0;&#xAC04; AES &#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xD654;&#xD559; &#xC5D4;&#xC9C0;&#xB2C8;&#xC5B4; (AIChE) &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xD611;&#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC640; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xAC1C;&#xCD5C; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC62C;&#xD574;&#xC758; &#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xC774;&#xB860;&#xC801;&#xC774; &#xACE0; &#xC2E4;&#xD5D8;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC0DD;&#xBB3C;&#xD559; &#xB9C8;&#xC774;&#xD06C;&#xB85C; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xAE30;&#xACC4; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; (BioMEMS), electrokinetics, &#xBC0F; proteomics &#xAE30;&#xC220; &#xBC1C;&#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xC911;&#xC694; &#xD55C; &#xAC15;&#xC870;&#xB97C; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. 15 &#xC138;&#xC158; &#xCD1D; 71 &#xD504;&#xB808; &#xC820; &#xD14C;&#xC774; &#xC158; &#xBC0F; 18 &#xD3EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130; &#xB17C;&#xC758; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;&#xB294; &#xC5F4;&#xB838;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xAC80;&#xD1A0; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC81C;&#xC2DC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xD765;&#xBBF8; &#xC9C4; &#xC9C4;&#xD55C; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC758; &#xAC04;&#xB2E8;&#xD55C; &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xB9C1;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

2007 &#xB144;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xBC0F; BioMEMS &#xAC80;&#xD1A0;: &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xC0AC;&#xD68C; 24 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;.

Los investigadores se reunieron para la 24 &#xAA; Reuni&#xF3;n Anual de la Sociedad Americana de electroforesis (AES), que se llev&#xF3; a cabo 4 hasta 9 noviembre, 2007, en el Salt Palace Convention Center en Salt Lake City, UT, EE.UU. La reuni&#xF3;n anual de AES se lleva a cabo en conjunto con la reuni&#xF3;n anual del Instituto Americano de Ingenieros Qu&#xED;micos (AIChE). La reuni&#xF3;n de este a&#xF1;o tuvo un &#xE9;nfasis significativo en los avances te&#xF3;ricos y experimentales en Sistemas Micro Electro biol&#xF3;gicos mec&#xE1;nicos (BioMEMS), electrocin&#xE9;tica, y las tecnolog&#xED;as de la prote&#xF3;mica. Un total de 15 sesiones se llevaron a cabo, dentro de los cuales 71 presentaciones y p&#xF3;sters 18 fueron discutidos. Esta revisi&#xF3;n ofrece una breve muestra de la investigaci&#xF3;n emocionante presentado en la conferencia.

Revisi&#xF3;n de electroforesis y BioMEMS en 2007: Sociedad Americana de electroforesis 24a Reuni&#xF3;n Anual

Dielectrophoretic manipulation of erythrocytes/red blood cells is investigated as a tool to identify blood type for medical diagnostic applications. Positive blood types of the ABO typing system (A+, B+, AB+ and O+) were tested and cell responses quantified. The dielectrophoretic response of each blood type was observed in a platinum electrode microdevice, delivering a field of 0.025V(pp)/microm at 1 MHz. Responses were recorded via video microscopy for 120 s and erythrocyte positions were tabulated at 20-30 s intervals. Both vertical and horizontal motions of erythrocytes were quantified via image object recognition, object tracking in MATLAB, binning into appropriate electric field contoured regions (wedges) and statistical analysis. Cells of O+ type showed relatively attenuated response to the dielectrophoretic field and were distinguished with greater than 95% confidence from all the other three blood types. AB+ cell responses differed from A+ and B+ blood types likely because AB+ erythrocytes express both the A and B glycoforms on their membrane. This research suggests that dielectrophoresis of untreated erythrocytes beyond simple dilution depends on blood type and could be used in portable blood typing devices.

Dielectrophoretic characterization of erythrocytes: positive ABO blood types.

Diesem speziellen Thema-Abschnitt des Biomicrofluidics widmet sich der Originalarbeiten aus der Jahrestagung 2006 der amerikanischen Gesellschaft der Elektrophorese (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). Diese f&uuml;nft&auml;gigen Tagung in San Francisco, Kalifornien, f&uuml;nf BioMEMS und Mikrofluidik und vier Sitzungen auf Fortschritte in Electrokinetics und Elektrophorese enthalten. AES und seine entsprechenden Symposien bieten das meisten konzentriert und gut organisierte Treffen Forum f&uuml;r vielf&auml;ltige biologische und engineering-Forscher arbeiten an Electrokinetics. Die Arbeit in diesem speziellen Thema Abschnitt vorgestellten ist keine Ausnahme; Es reicht von Nanochannel-Elektrophorese, Bioparticle zu sortieren.

Vorwort zum Spezialthema: Papiere von der Jahrestagung 2006 der amerikanischen Elektrophorese Society, San Francisco, CA.

In questa sezione speciale argomento di Biomicrofluidics &egrave; dedicata a documenti originali dal 2006 riunione annuale della societ&agrave; americana di elettroforesi (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). Questo cinque giorni riunione tenutasi a San Francisco, California, inclusi cinque sessioni su BioMEMS e microfluidica e quattro sui progressi nel elettrocinetica ed elettroforesi. AES e suoi simposi corrispondente forniscono il forum di incontro pi&ugrave; concentrato e ben organizzato per diversi ricercatori biologici e ingegneria lavorando su elettrocinetica. Il lavoro descritto in questa sezione speciale argomento non fa eccezione; esso varia da elettroforesi nanocanale a bioparticle l&#39;ordinamento.

Prefazione di argomento speciale: Papers from 2006 riunione annuale della societ&agrave; americana di elettroforesi, San Francisco, CA.

Biomicrofluidics &#x672C;&#x4E13;&#x9898;&#x90E8;&#x5206;&#x81F4;&#x529B;&#x4E8E;&#x539F;&#x59CB;&#x6587;&#x4EF6;&#x4ECE;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7684;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A; 2006 &#x5E74;&#x5E74;&#x4F1A; &#xFF08;AES&#xFF1A; http:/www.aesociety.org&#xFF09;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x5728;&#x4E09;&#x85E9;&#x5E02;&#xFF0C;&#x52A0;&#x5229;&#x798F;&#x5C3C;&#x4E9A;&#x5DDE;&#x4E3E;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x4E3A;&#x671F;&#x4E94;&#x5929;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E2D;&#x7535;&#x548C;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x5305;&#x62EC; BioMEMS &#x548C;&#x5FAE;&#x6D41;&#x4F53;&#x7684;&#x4E94;&#x6B21;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x548C;&#x56DB;&#x6B21;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E0A;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8FDB;&#x5C55;&#x3002;AES &#x548C;&#x5176;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684;&#x4E13;&#x9898;&#x8BA8;&#x8BBA;&#x4F1A;&#x4E3A;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x7535;&#x52A8;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E0B;&#x7684;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x5DE5;&#x7A0B;&#x4EBA;&#x5458;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x548C;&#x7EC4;&#x7EC7;&#x826F;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x8BBA;&#x575B;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x672C;&#x8282;&#x4E2D;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x4E3B;&#x9898;&#x7279;&#x8272;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x4E5F;&#x4E0D;&#x4F8B;&#x5916; &#xFF1B;&#x5B83;&#x4ECB;&#x4E8E;&#x8FF9;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x9897;&#x7C92;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x6392;&#x5E8F;&#x3002;

&#x524D;&#x8A00;&#x7279;&#x522B;&#x4E3B;&#x9898;&#xFF1A; &#x4ECE;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x793E;&#x4F1A;&#xFF0C;&#x4E09;&#x85E9;&#x5E02;&#xFF0C;&#x52A0;&#x5229;&#x798F;&#x5C3C;&#x4E9A;&#x5DDE; 2006 &#x5E74;&#x5E74;&#x4F1A;&#x8BBA;&#x6587;&#x3002;

This Special Topic section of Biomicrofluidics is dedicated to original papers from the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). This five-day meeting held in San Francisco, California, included five sessions on BioMEMS and Microfluidics and four sessions on Advances in Electrokinetics and Electrophoresis. AES and its corresponding symposia provide the most focused and well-organized meeting forum for diverse biological and engineering researchers working on electrokinetics. The work featured in this Special Topic section is no exception; it ranges from nanochannel electrophoresis to bioparticle sorting.

Preface to Special Topic: Papers from the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society, San Francisco, CA.

Cette section Dossier sp&#xE9;cial de la Biomicrofluidics est d&#xE9;di&#xE9; &#xE0; des articles originaux de la r&#xE9;union annuelle de 2006 de la Soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; am&#xE9;ricaine d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). Cette r&#xE9;union de cinq jours qui s&#x26;#39;est tenue &#xE0; San Francisco, en Californie, comprenait cinq s&#xE9;ances sur BioMEMS et de la microfluidique et de quatre sessions sur les avances en &#xC9;lectrocin&#xE9;tique et &#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se. AES et ses symposiums correspondant fournir le forum de rencontre le plus cibl&#xE9; et bien organis&#xE9; pour diverses chercheurs en biologie et en g&#xE9;nie qui travaillent sur &#xE9;lectrocin&#xE9;tique. Le travail pr&#xE9;sent&#xE9; dans cette section Dossier sp&#xE9;cial ne fait pas exception; elle va de l&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se nanocanal au tri bioparticule.

Pr&#xE9;face &#xE0; la rubrique sp&#xE9;ciale: Les documents de la r&#xE9;union annuelle de 2006 de la Soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; am&#xE9;ricaine d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se, San Francisco, CA

Biomicrofluidics&#x306E;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x7279;&#x5225;&#x306A;&#x30C8;&#x30D4;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30AF;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;2006&#x5E74;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;&#xFF08;&#xFF1A;http:/www.aesociety.org AES&#xFF09;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x5143;&#x306E;&#x8AD6;&#x6587;&#x306B;&#x53D6;&#x308A;&#x7D44;&#x3093;&#x3067;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D5;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x3001;&#x30AB;&#x30EA;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30EB;&#x30CB;&#x30A2;&#x5DDE;&#x3067;&#x958B;&#x50AC;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x3053;&#x306E;5&#x65E5;&#x9593;&#x306E;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30AA;MEMS&#x3068;&#x30DE;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30D5;&#x30EB;&#x30A4;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x30AF;&#x30B9;&#x306E;5&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3068;&#x52D5;&#x96FB;&#x5B66;&#x3068;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x6B69;&#x306B;&#x306F;4&#x3064;&#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x304C;&#x542B;&#x307E;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002; AES&#x3068;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x30B7;&#x30F3;&#x30DD;&#x30B8;&#x30A6;&#x30E0;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x52D5;&#x96FB;&#x5B66;&#x306B;&#x53D6;&#x308A;&#x7D44;&#x3093;&#x3067;&#x591A;&#x69D8;&#x306A;&#x751F;&#x7269;&#x5B66;&#x7684;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x5DE5;&#x5B66;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x6700;&#x3082;&#x96C6;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x304B;&#x3064;&#x3088;&#x304F;&#x7D44;&#x7E54;&#x5316;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306E;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30FC;&#x30E9;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x7279;&#x5225;&#x306A;&#x30C8;&#x30D4;&#x30C3;&#x30AF;&#x306E;&#x30BB;&#x30AF;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3067;&#x53D6;&#x308A;&#x4E0A;&#x3052;&#x4F5C;&#x54C1;&#x3082;&#x4F8B;&#x5916;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3042;&#x308A;&#x307E;&#x305B;&#x3093;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x308C;&#x306F;&#x30CA;&#x30CE;&#x30C1;&#x30E3;&#x30F3;&#x30CD;&#x30EB;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x6CF3;&#x52D5;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x751F;&#x4F53;&#x7C92;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x30BD;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x7BC4;&#x56F2;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;

&#x5C0F;&#x7279;&#x96C6;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x305B;&#x3066;&#xFF1A;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x306E;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;2006&#x5E74;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;&#x3001;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D5;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x3001;&#x30AB;&#x30EA;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30EB;&#x30CB;&#x30A2;&#x5DDE;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x8AD6;&#x6587;&#x3092;

Biomicrofluidics&#xC758; &#xD2B9;&#xBCC4; &#xD55C; &#xC8FC;&#xC81C;&#xC758; &#xC139;&#xC158;&#xC774; &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xD559;&#xD68C; 2006 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC6D0;&#xB798; &#xB17C;&#xBB38;&#xC5D0; &#xC804;&#xB150; (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). &#xC774; Electrokinetics &#xBC0F; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; BioMEMS Microfluidics&#xC5D0; 5 &#xC138;&#xC158; &#xBC0F; &#xBC1C;&#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; 4 &#xAC1C;&#xC758; &#xC138;&#xC158;&#xC744; &#xD3EC;&#xD568; 5 &#xC77C; &#xC0CC; &#xD504;&#xB780; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4; &#xCF54;, &#xCE98;&#xB9AC;&#xD3EC;&#xB2C8;&#xC544;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC1C;&#xCD5C;. AES&#xC640; &#xD574;&#xB2F9; &#xC2EC;&#xD3EC;&#xC9C0;&#xC5C4;&#xC758; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC0DD;&#xBB3C; &#xBC0F; &#xACF5;&#xD559; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC6D0; electrokinetics&#xC5D0; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xC9D1;&#xC911; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC798; &#xC870;&#xC9C1; &#xB41C; &#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xD3EC;&#xB7FC;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xD2B9;&#xBCC4; &#xD55C; &#xC8FC;&#xC81C;&#xC758; &#xC139;&#xC158;&#xC5D0; &#xB4F1;&#xC7A5; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC791;&#xD488;&#xC740; &#xC544;&#xBB34; &#xC608;&#xC678;&#xB3C4; &#xC5C6;&#xB2E4;; &#xADF8;&#xAC83;&#xC740; bioparticle &#xC815;&#xB82C; nanochannel &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBC94;&#xC704;.

&#xD2B9;&#xBCC4; &#xD55C; &#xC8FC;&#xC81C;&#xC5D0; &#xC11C; &#xBB38;: &#xC0CC; &#xD504;&#xB780; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4; &#xCF54;, &#xCE98;&#xB9AC;&#xD3EC;&#xB2C8;&#xC544; &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xC0AC;&#xD68C;&#xC758; 2006 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC11C;&#xB958;.

En esta secci&#xF3;n Tema Especial de Biomicrofluidics se dedica a los trabajos originales de la Reuni&#xF3;n Anual 2006 de la Sociedad Americana de electroforesis (AES: http:/www.aesociety.org). Esta reuni&#xF3;n de cinco d&#xED;as celebrado en San Francisco, California, incluye cinco sesiones sobre BioMEMS y la microflu&#xED;dica y cuatro sesiones sobre los avances en Electrocin&#xE9;tica y electroforesis. AES y el simposio correspondiente proporcionando un foro de encuentro m&#xE1;s centrado y bien organizada para diversos investigadores biol&#xF3;gicos y la ingenier&#xED;a que trabajan en electrocin&#xE9;tica. El trabajo presentado en esta secci&#xF3;n Tema Especial no es la excepci&#xF3;n, sino que var&#xED;a de electroforesis nanochannel a la clasificaci&#xF3;n biopart&#xED;culas.

Prefacio a Tema especial: Los documentos de la Reuni&#xF3;n Anual 2006 de la Sociedad Americana de electroforesis, San Francisco, CA

23. Jahrestreffen der American Elektrophorese Society (AES) fand im Hilton San Francisco in San Francisco, Kalifornien am 12-17 November 2006. Das diesj&auml;hrige Treffen vorgestellten einen Blick in die Zukunft, mit dem Schwerpunkt Theoretische und experimentelle Fortschritte in der Miniaturisierung von BioMEMS, Electrokinetics und Proteomics-Technologien. Insgesamt 13 71 Pr&auml;sentationen und 18 Poster Sitzungen fanden in Verbindung mit der Jahrestagung der American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Diese &Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung und entsprechende Sonderausgabe des Biomicrofluidics bieten eine Auswahl von einigen der spannende Forschung auf der Konferenz vorgestellt.

BioMEMS und Elektrophorese in 2006: &Uuml;berpr&uuml;fung der 23. Jahrestagung der amerikanischen Elektrophorese-Gesellschaft.

Il 23rd Annual Meeting della societ&agrave; americana di elettroforesi (AES) svoltasi presso l&#39;Hilton San Francisco a San Francisco, in California il 12-17 novembre 2006. Riunione di quest&#39;anno caratterizzato da uno sguardo verso il futuro, con un&#39;enfasi sui progressi teorici e sperimentali nella miniaturizzazione delle tecnologie BioMEMS, elettrocinesi e proteomica. Un totale di 13 sessioni accomodante 71 presentazioni e 18 poster erano terr&agrave; in concomitanza con la riunione annuale della American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Questa recensione e il corrispondente numero speciale di Biomicrofluidics fornire un campionamento di alcune ricerche interessanti presentate alla conferenza.

BioMEMS ed elettroforesi nel 2006: revisione della 23a riunione annuale della societ&agrave; americana di elettroforesi.

&#x7B2C; 23 &#x5E74;&#x5EA6;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x7684;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x793E;&#x4F1A; (AES) &#x5728;&#x4E09;&#x85E9;&#x5E02;&#xFF0C;&#x52A0;&#x5229;&#x798F;&#x5C3C;&#x4E9A;&#x5DDE;&#x7684;&#x65E7;&#x91D1;&#x5C71;&#x5E0C;&#x5C14;&#x987F;&#x4E3E;&#x884C; 2006 &#x5E74; 11 &#x6708; 12-17 &#x65E5;&#x3002;&#x4ECA;&#x5E74;&#x7684;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x7279;&#x8272;&#x8D70;&#x5411;&#x672A;&#x6765;&#xFF0C;&#x91CD;&#x70B9;&#x662F;&#x5C0F;&#x578B;&#x5316; BioMEMS&#x3001; &#x7535;&#x52A8;&#x529B;&#x5B66;&#x4F5C;&#x7528;&#x4E0B;&#x548C;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x7EC4;&#x5B66;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x7684;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x4E0E;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x8FDB;&#x5C55;&#x770B;&#x3002;&#x4E0E;&#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5DE5;&#x7A0B;&#x5E08;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x7684; &#xFF08;&#x63CF;&#x5199;&#x4E86;&#xFF09; &#x5E74;&#x5EA6;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E00;&#x8D77;&#x4E3E;&#x884C;&#x4E86;&#x5BB9;&#x7EB3; 71 &#x6F14;&#x793A;&#x6587;&#x7A3F;&#x548C; 18 &#x6D77;&#x62A5; 13 &#x4F1A;&#x8BDD;&#x603B;&#x6570;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x6B21;&#x5BA1;&#x67E5;&#x548C;&#x76F8;&#x5E94;&#x7684; Biomicrofluidics &#x7684;&#x7279;&#x6B8A;&#x95EE;&#x9898;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x91C7;&#x6837;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x4E9B;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x4E0A;&#x63D0;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x4EE4;&#x4EBA;&#x5174;&#x594B;&#x7684;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3002;

BioMEMS &#x548C;&#x7535;&#x6CF3; 2006 &#x5E74;&#xFF1A; &#x7F8E;&#x56FD;&#x7535;&#x6CF3;&#x793E;&#x4F1A; 23 &#x5E74;&#x5EA6;&#x4F1A;&#x8BAE;&#x5BA1;&#x67E5;&#x3002;

The 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society (AES) was held at the San Francisco Hilton in San Francisco, California on 12-17 November 2006. This year's meeting featured a look toward the future, with an emphasis on theoretical and experimental advances in miniaturization of BioMEMS, electrokinetics, and proteomics technologies. A total of 13 sessions accommodating 71 presentations and 18 posters were held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). This review and corresponding special issue of Biomicrofluidics provide a sampling of some of the exciting research presented at the conference.

BioMEMS and Electrophoresis in 2006: Review of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society.

La 23e r&#xE9;union annuelle de la Soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; am&#xE9;ricaine d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se (AES) a eu lieu &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;h&#xF4;tel Hilton San Francisco &#xE0; San Francisco, en Californie, 12-17 Novembre 2006. La r&#xE9;union de cette ann&#xE9;e mettait en vedette un coup d&#x26;#39;oeil vers l&#x26;#39;avenir, en mettant l&#x26;#39;accent sur les avanc&#xE9;es th&#xE9;oriques et exp&#xE9;rimentales dans la miniaturisation des BioMEMS, &#xE9;lectrocin&#xE9;tique, et la prot&#xE9;omique. Un total de 13 sessions pouvant accueillir 71 pr&#xE9;sentations et 18 affiches ont &#xE9;t&#xE9; organis&#xE9;es en conjonction avec la r&#xE9;union annuelle de l&#x26;#39;American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Cet examen et correspondant num&#xE9;ro sp&#xE9;cial de Biomicrofluidics fournir un &#xE9;chantillon d&#x26;#39;une partie de la recherche passionnante pr&#xE9;sent&#xE9;e &#xE0; la conf&#xE9;rence.

BioMEMS et &#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se en 2006: Examen de la 23e r&#xE9;union annuelle de la Soci&#xE9;t&#xE9; am&#xE9;ricaine d&#x26;#39;&#xE9;lectrophor&#xE8;se

&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#xFF08;AES&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x7B2C;23&#x56DE;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306F;12&#x6708;17&#x65E5;2006&#x5E74;11&#x6708;&#x306B;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D5;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x3001;&#x30AB;&#x30EA;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30EB;&#x30CB;&#x30A2;&#x5DDE;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D5;&#x30E9;&#x30F3;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30B3;&#x30D2;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30F3;&#x3067;&#x958B;&#x50AC;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x4ECA;&#x5E74;&#x306E;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30AA;MEMS&#x3001;&#x52D5;&#x96FB;&#x5B66;&#x3001;&#x304A;&#x3088;&#x3073;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30C6;&#x30AA;&#x30DF;&#x30AF;&#x30B9;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x306E;&#x5C0F;&#x578B;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x7406;&#x8AD6;&#x3068;&#x5B9F;&#x9A13;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x6B69;&#x306B;&#x91CD;&#x70B9;&#x3092;&#x7F6E;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x5C06;&#x6765;&#x306B;&#x5411;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x9854;&#x3092;&#x7279;&#x8272;&#x306B;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002; 71&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30EC;&#x30BC;&#x30F3;&#x30C6;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x3068;18&#x306E;&#x30DD;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x3092;&#x53CE;&#x5BB9;&#x3059;&#x308B;13&#x30BB;&#x30C3;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x5408;&#x8A08;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7C73;&#x56FD;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x5DE5;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#xFF08;AIChE&#xFF09;&#x306E;&#x5E74;&#x6B21;&#x7DCF;&#x4F1A;&#x3068;&#x4F75;&#x305B;&#x3066;&#x958B;&#x50AC;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x3068;Biomicrofluidics&#x306E;&#x5BFE;&#x5FDC;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x7279;&#x5225;&#x306A;&#x554F;&#x984C;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x3067;&#x767A;&#x8868;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30A8;&#x30AD;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x306A;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306E;&#x3044;&#x304F;&#x3064;&#x304B;&#x306E;&#x30B5;&#x30F3;&#x30D7;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

2006&#x5E74;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30AA;MEMS&#x3068;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#xFF1A;&#x30A2;&#x30E1;&#x30EA;&#x30AB;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5B66;&#x4F1A;&#x7B2C;23&#x56DE;&#x4F1A;&#x8B70;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30D3;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;

23 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC758; &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xC0AC;&#xD68C; (AES)&#xB294; 12 &#xC6D4; 17 &#xC77C; 2006 &#xB144; 11 &#xC6D4; &#xC0CC; &#xD504;&#xB780; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4; &#xCF54;, &#xCE98;&#xB9AC;&#xD3EC;&#xB2C8;&#xC544;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC0CC; &#xD504;&#xB780; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4; &#xCF54; &#xD790;&#xD2BC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC1C;&#xCD5C; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC62C;&#xD574;&#xC758; &#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC744; &#xC774;&#xB860;&#xC801;&#xC774; &#xACE0; &#xC2E4;&#xD5D8;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC9C4;&#xBCF4; BioMEMS, electrokinetics, &#xBC0F; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xAE30;&#xC220;&#xC758; &#xC18C;&#xD615;&#xD654;&#xC5D0; &#xC911;&#xC810;&#xC744; &#xB450;&#xACE0; &#xBBF8;&#xB798;&#xB97C; &#xD5A5;&#xD574; &#xBCF4;&#xC138;&#xC694;. &#xCD1D; 13 &#xC138;&#xC158; 71 &#xD504;&#xB808; &#xC820; &#xD14C;&#xC774; &#xC158; &#xBC0F; 18 &#xD3EC;&#xC2A4;&#xD130; &#xC218;&#xC6A9; &#xD654;&#xD559; &#xC5D4;&#xC9C0;&#xB2C8;&#xC5B4; (AIChE) &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D; &#xD611;&#xD68C;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC640; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xAC1C;&#xCD5C; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xAC80;&#xD1A0; &#xBC0F; &#xD574;&#xB2F9; &#xD2B9;&#xC9D1;-Biomicrofluidics&#xC758; &#xBA87; &#xAC00;&#xC9C0; &#xD765;&#xBBF8;&#xB85C;&#xC6B4; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xBC1C;&#xD45C;&#xC758; &#xC0D8;&#xD50C;&#xB9C1;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

BioMEMS &#xBC0F; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; 2006 &#xB144;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C;: &#xBBF8;&#xAD6D;&#xC758; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xC774;&#xB3D9; &#xBC95; &#xD611;&#xD68C;&#xC758; 23 &#xC5F0;&#xB840; &#xD68C;&#xC758;&#xC758; &#xAC80;&#xD1A0;.

La 23 &#xAA; Reuni&#xF3;n Anual de la Sociedad Americana de electroforesis (AES) se llev&#xF3; a cabo en el Hilton San Francisco en San Francisco, California, el 12 a 17 noviembre 2006. La reuni&#xF3;n de este a&#xF1;o cont&#xF3; con una mirada hacia el futuro, con un &#xE9;nfasis en los avances te&#xF3;ricos y experimentales en la miniaturizaci&#xF3;n de los BioMEMS, electrocin&#xE9;tica, y las tecnolog&#xED;as de la prote&#xF3;mica. Un total de 13 sesiones con capacidad para 71 presentaciones y p&#xF3;sters 18 se llevaron a cabo en conjunci&#xF3;n con la Reuni&#xF3;n Anual del Instituto Americano de Ingenieros Qu&#xED;micos (AIChE). Esta revisi&#xF3;n y edici&#xF3;n correspondiente especial de Biomicrofluidics ofrecer una muestra de algunas de las investigaciones interesante presentado en la conferencia.

BioMEMS y electroforesis en 2006: Revisi&#xF3;n de la 23 &#xAA; Reuni&#xF3;n Anual de la Sociedad Americana de electroforesis

Dielectrophoresis is a noninvasive, nondestructive, inexpensive, and fast technique for the manipulation of bioparticles. Recent advances in the field of dielectrophoresis (DEP) have resulted in new approaches for characterizing the behavior of particles and cells using direct current (DC) electric fields. In such approaches, spatial nonuniformities are created in the channel by embedding insulating obstacles in the channel or flow field in order to perform separation or trapping. This emerging field of dielectrophoresis is commonly termed DC insulator dielectrophoresis (DC-iDEP), insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP), or electrodeless dielectrophoresis (eDEP). In many microdevices, this form of dielectrophoresis has advantages over traditional AC-DEP, including single material microfabrication, remotely positioned electrodes, and reduced fouling of the test region. DC-iDEP applications have included disease detection, separation of cancerous cells from normal cells, and separation of live from dead bacteria. However, there is a need for a critical report to integrate these important research findings. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-art technology in the field of DC-iDEP for the separation and trapping of inert particles and cells. In this article, a review of the concepts and theory leading to the manipulation of particles via DC-iDEP is given, and insulating obstacle geometry designs and the characterization of device performance are discussed. This review compiles and compares the significant findings obtained by researchers in handling and manipulating particles.

DC insulator dielectrophoretic applications in microdevice technology: a review.

A quadrupole dielectrophoretic microdevice was utilized to examine the ABO-Rh dependencies on erythrocyte polarizations. This important step toward medical microdevice technology would transform key clinical blood tests from the laboratory into the field. Previous work in dielectrophoretic microdevices demonstrated that the large number of ABO antigens on erythrocyte membranes impacts their dielectrophoretic signature at 1 MHz. This work explores the dielectrophoretic behavior of native human erythrocytes categorized by their ABO-Rh blood types and directly compares these responses to the same erythrocyte sample modified to remove the A and B antigens. A β(1-3)-galactosidase enzyme was utilized to cleave the ABO polysaccharide backbone at the galactosidase bonds. The enzymatic reaction was optimized by comparing agglutination of the native and modified blood cells in addition to UV-Vis and HPLC analysis of the reaction effluent for saccharide residues. Next, the dielectrophoretic behaviors of the native and modified erythrocytes were visually verified in a quadrupole electrode microdevice over a frequency range from 100 kHz to 80 MHz. The lower cross-over frequency (COF), which transitions from negative to positive dielectrophoresis, for ABO blood types tested (A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, O+ and O-) differed over the range from 17 to 47 MHz. The COFs of the corresponding enzyme-modified erythrocytes were also determined and the range narrowed to 29-41 MHz. A second COF in the 70-80 MHz range was observed and was reduced in the presence of the transmembrane Rhesus factor. These results suggest that antigen expression on erythrocyte membrane surfaces influence cell polarizations in nonuniform AC fields.

Explorations of ABO-Rh antigen expressions on erythrocyte dielectrophoresis: changes in cross-over frequency.

Direct current (DC) insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) microdevices have the potential to replace traditional alternating current dielectrophoretic devices for many cellular and biomolecular separation applications. The use of large DC fields suggest that electrode reactions and ion transport mechanisms can become important and impact ion distributions in the nanoliters of fluid in iDEP microchannels. This work tracked natural pH gradient formation in a 100 μm wide, 1 cm-long microchannel under applicable iDEP protein manipulation conditions. Using fluorescence microscopy with the pH-sensitive dye FITC Isomer I and the pH-insensitive dye TRITC as a reference, pH was observed to drop drastically in the microchannels within 1 min in a 3000 V/cm electric field; pH drops were observed in the range of 6-10 min within a 100 V/cm electric field and varied based on the buffer conductivity. To address concerns of dye transport impacting intensity data, electrokinetic mobilities of FITC were carefully examined and found to be (i) toward the anode and (ii) 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than H⁺ transport which is responsible for pH drops from the anode toward the cathode. COMSOL simulations of ion transport showed qualitative agreement with experimental results. The results indicate that pH changes are severe enough and rapid enough to influence the net charge of a protein or cause aggregation during iDEP experiments. The results also elucidate reasonable time periods over which the phosphate buffering capacity can counter increases in H⁺ and OH⁻ for unperturbed iDEP manipulations.

Quantification of pH gradients and implications in insulator-based dielectrophoresis of biomolecules.

A microfluidic platform developed for quantifying the dependence of erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) responses by ABO-Rh blood type via direct current insulator dielectrophoresis (DC-iDEP) is presented. The PDMS DC-iDEP device utilized a 400 x 170 μm² rectangular insulating obstacle embedded in a 1.46-cm long, 200-μm wide inlet channel to create spatial non-uniformities in direct current (DC) electric field density realized by separation into four outlet channels. The DC-iDEP flow behaviors were investigated for all eight blood types (A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-) in the human ABO-Rh blood typing system. Three independent donors of each blood type, same donor reproducibility, different conductivity buffers (0.52-9.1 mS/cm), and DC electric fields (17.1-68.5 V/cm) were tested to investigate separation dependencies. The data analysis was conducted from image intensity profiles across inlet and outlet channels in the device. Individual channel fractions suggest that the dielectrophoretic force experienced by the cells is dependent on erythrocyte antigen expression. Two different statistical analysis methods were conducted to determine how distinguishable a single blood type was from the others. Results indicate that channel fraction distributions differ by ABO-Rh blood types suggesting that antigens present on the erythrocyte membrane polarize differently in DC-iDEP fields. Under optimized conductivity and field conditions, certain blind blood samples could be sorted with low misclassification rates.

Direct current insulator-based dielectrophoretic characterization of erythrocytes: ABO-Rh human blood typing.

The voltage-operating window for many electrokinetic microdevices is limited by electrolysis gas bubbles that destabilize microfluidic system causing noise and irreproducible responses above ∼3 V DC and less than ∼1 kHz AC at 3 Vpp. Surfactant additives, SDS and Triton X-100, and an integrated semipermeable SnakeSkin® membrane were employed to control and assess electrolysis bubbles from platinum electrodes in a 180 by 70 μm, 10 mm long microchannel. Stabilized current responses at 100 V DC were observed with surfactant additives or SnakeSkin® barriers. Electrolysis bubble behaviors, visualized via video microscopy at the electrode surface and in the microchannels, were found to be influenced by surfactant function and SnakeSkin® barriers. Both SDS and Triton X-100 surfactants promoted smaller bubble diameters and faster bubble detachment from electrode surfaces via increasing gas solubility. In contrast, SnakeSkin® membranes enhanced natural convection and blocked bubbles from entering the microchannels and thus reduced current disturbances in the electric field. This data illustrated that electrode surface behaviors had substantially greater impacts on current stability than microbubbles within microchannels. Thus, physically blocking bubbles from microchannels is less effective than electrode functionalization approaches to stabilize electrokinetic microfluidic systems.

Improving electrokinetic microdevice stability by controlling electrolysis bubbles.

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), an electrokinetic phenomenon based on particle polarizations in nonuniform electric fields, is increasingly employed for particle and cell characterizations and manipulations in microdevices. However, particle number densities are rarely varied and particle-particle interactions are largely overlooked, but both affect particle's effective polarizations by changing the local electric field, which directly impacts particle assembly into chains. This work examines theoretical and experimental particle-particle interactions and dielectrophoretic responses in nonuniform electric fields, then presents individual and chain velocities of spherical polystyrene microparticles and red blood cells (RBCs) under DEP forces in a modified quadruple electrode microdevice. Velocities are independently compared between 1, 2, 3, and 4 polystyrene beads and RBCs assembled into chains aligned with the electric field. Simulations compared induced dipole moments for particles experiencing the same (single point) and changing (multiple points) electric fields. Experiments and simulations are compared by plotting DEP velocities versus applied signal frequency from 1 kHz to 80 MHz. Simulations indicate differences in the DEP force exerted on each particle according to chain position. Simulations and experiments show excellent qualitative agreement; chains with more particles experienced a decrease in the DEP response for both polystyrene beads and RBCs. These results advance understanding of the extent that induced dipole polarizations with multiple particle chains affect observed behaviors in electrokinetic cellular diagnostic systems.

Theoretical and experimental examination of particle-particle interaction effects on induced dipole moments and dielectrophoretic responses of multiple particle chains.

Alternating-current (AC) electrokinetics involve the movement and behaviors of particles or cells. Many applications, including dielectrophoretic manipulations, are dependent upon charge interactions between the cell or particle and the surrounding medium. Medium concentrations are traditionally treated as spatially uniform in both theoretical models and experiments. Human red blood cells (RBCs) are observed to crenate, or shrink due to changing osmotic pressure, over 10 min experiments in non-uniform AC electric fields. Cell crenation magnitude is examined as functions of frequency from 250 kHz to 1 MHz and potential from 10 Vpp to 17.5 Vpp over a 100 μm perpendicular electrode gap. Experimental results show higher peak to peak potential and lower frequency lead to greater cell volume crenation up to a maximum volume loss of 20%. A series of experiments are conducted to elucidate the physical mechanisms behind the red blood cell crenation. Non-uniform and uniform electrode systems as well as high and low ion concentration experiments are compared and illustrate that AC electroporation, system temperature, rapid temperature changes, medium pH, electrode reactions, and convection do not account for the crenation behaviors observed. AC electroosmotic was found to be negligible at these conditions and AC electrothermal fluid flows were found to reduce RBC crenation behaviors. These cell deformations were attributed to medium hypertonicity induced by ion concentration gradients in the spatially nonuniform AC electric fields.

Article	Year
Electrokinetic transport of red blood cells in microcapillaries. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 12210220	2002
Manipulation and characterization of red blood cells with alternating current fields in microdevices. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 14613196	2003
Designing a nano-interface in a microfluidic chip to probe living cells: challenges and perspectives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America\| PubMed ID: 16618928	2006
Review of electrophoresis and BioMEMS in 2007: American Electrophoresis Society 24th Annual Meeting. Journal of capillary electrophoresis and microchip technology\| PubMed ID: 18982910	2008
Dielectrophoretic characterization of erythrocytes: positive ABO blood types. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 19130588	2008
Preface to Special Topic: Papers from the 2006 Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society, San Francisco, CA. Biomicrofluidics\| PubMed ID: 19693374	2007
BioMEMS and Electrophoresis in 2006: Review of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Electrophoresis Society. Biomicrofluidics\| PubMed ID: 19693377	2007
DC insulator dielectrophoretic applications in microdevice technology: a review. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry\| PubMed ID: 20967429	2011
Explorations of ABO-Rh antigen expressions on erythrocyte dielectrophoresis: changes in cross-over frequency. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 21874652	2011
Quantification of pH gradients and implications in insulator-based dielectrophoresis of biomolecules. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 21874654	2011
Direct current insulator-based dielectrophoretic characterization of erythrocytes: ABO-Rh human blood typing. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 21922495	2011
Improving electrokinetic microdevice stability by controlling electrolysis bubbles. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 24648277	2014
Theoretical and experimental examination of particle-particle interaction effects on induced dipole moments and dielectrophoretic responses of multiple particle chains. Electrophoresis\| PubMed ID: 24658965	2014
Spatially variant red blood cell crenation in alternating current non-uniform fields. Biomicrofluidics\| PubMed ID: 24753734	2014

Adrienne R. Minerick

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