intranasal-immunization-milk-collection-studies-maternal-immunization

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>)

Due to similarities in placentation and antibody transfer with humans, rabbits are an excellent model of maternal immunization. Additional advantages of ...

Duke University Medical Center

Traditionally, the goal of nanoparticle-based chemotherapy has been to decrease normal tissue toxicity by improving drug specificity to tumors. The enhanced permeability and retention effect can permit passive accumulation into tumor interstitium. However, suboptimal delivery is achieved with most nanoparticles because of heterogeneities of vascular permeability, which limits nanoparticle penetration. Furthermore, slow drug release limits bioavailability. We developed a fast drug-releasing liposome triggered by local heat that has already shown substantial antitumor efficacy and is in human trials. Here, we show that thermally sensitive liposomes (Dox-TSL) release doxorubicin inside the tumor vasculature. Real-time confocal imaging of doxorubicin delivery to murine tumors in window chambers and histologic analysis of flank tumors illustrates that intravascular drug release increases free drug in the interstitial space. This increases both the time that tumor cells are exposed to maximum drug levels and the drug penetration distance, compared with free drug or traditional pegylated liposomes. These improvements in drug bioavailability establish a new paradigm in drug delivery: rapidly triggered drug release in the tumor bloodstream.

Overcoming limitations in nanoparticle drug delivery: triggered, intravascular release to improve drug penetration into tumors.

Because of the limitations of surgical resection, thermal ablation is commonly used for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. Current methods of ablation can result in marginal recurrences of larger lesions and in tumors located near large vessels. This review presents a novel approach for extending treatment out to the margins where temperatures do not provide complete treatment with ablation alone, by combining thermal ablation with drug-loaded thermosensitive liposomes. A history of the development of thermosensitive liposomes is presented. Clinical trials have shown that the combination of radiofrequency ablation and doxorubicin-loaded thermosensitive liposomes is a promising treatment.

Novel approaches to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastases using thermal ablation and thermosensitive liposomes.

The overall objective of liposomal drug delivery is to selectively target drug delivery to diseased tissue, while minimizing drug delivery to critical normal tissues. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of temperature-sensitive liposomes in general and the Low Temperature-Sensitive Liposome (LTSL) in particular. We give a brief description of the material design of LTSL and highlight the likely mechanism behind temperature-triggered drug release. A complete review of the progress and results of the latest preclinical and clinical studies that demonstrate enhanced drug delivery with the combined treatment of hyperthermia and liposomes is provided as well as a clinical perspective on cancers that would benefit from hyperthermia as an adjuvant treatment for temperature-triggered chemotherapeutics. This review discusses the ideas, goals, and processes behind temperature-sensitive liposome development in the laboratory to the current use in preclinical and clinical settings.

Nanoscale Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia: The Materials Design and Preclinical and Clinical Testing of Low Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes Used in Combination with Mild Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Local Cancer.

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master transcription factor that controls cellular homeostasis. Although its activation benefits normal tissue, HIF-1 activation in tumors is a major risk factor for angiogenesis, therapeutic resistance, and poor prognosis. HIF-1 activity is usually suppressed under normoxic conditions because of rapid oxygen-dependent degradation of HIF-1α. Here, we show that, under normoxic conditions, HIF-1α is upregulated in tumor cells in response to doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat many cancers. In addition, doxorubicin enhanced VEGF secretion by normoxic tumor cells and stimulated tumor angiogenesis. Doxorubicin-induced accumulation of HIF-1α in normoxic cells was caused by increased expression and activation of STAT1, the activation of which stimulated expression of iNOS and its synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor cells. Mechanistic investigations established that blocking NO synthesis or STAT1 activation was sufficient to attenuate the HIF-1α accumulation induced by doxorubicin in normoxic cancer cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a chemotherapeutic drug can induce HIF-1α accumulation in normoxic cells, an efficacy-limiting activity. Our results argue that HIF-1α-targeting strategies may enhance doxorubicin efficacy. More generally, they suggest a broader perspective on the design of combination chemotherapy approaches with immediate clinical impact.

Tumor cells upregulate normoxic HIF-1α in response to doxorubicin.

This paper describes a preclinical investigation of the feasibility of thermotherapy treatment of bladder cancer with magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), performed by analysing the thermal dosimetry of nanoparticle heating in a rat bladder model.

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia for bladder cancer: a preclinical dosimetry study.

Lactate accumulation in tumors has been associated with metastases and poor overall survival in cancer patients. Lactate promotes angiogenesis and metastasis, providing rationale for understanding how it is processed by cells. The concentration of lactate in tumors is a balance between the amount produced, amount carried away by vasculature and if/how it is catabolized by aerobic tumor or stromal cells. We examined lactate metabolism in human normal and breast tumor cell lines and rat breast cancer: 1. at relevant concentrations, 2. under aerobic vs. hypoxic conditions, 3. under conditions of normo vs. hypoglucosis. We also compared the avidity of tumors for lactate vs. glucose and identified key lactate catabolites to reveal how breast cancer cells process it. Lactate was non-toxic at clinically relevant concentrations. It was taken up and catabolized to alanine and glutamate by all cell lines. Kinetic uptake rates of lactate in vivo surpassed that of glucose in R3230Ac mammary carcinomas. The uptake appeared specific to aerobic tumor regions, consistent with the proposed "metabolic symbiont" model; here lactate produced by hypoxic cells is used by aerobic cells. We investigated whether treatment with alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (CHC), a MCT1 inhibitor, would kill cells in the presence of high lactate. Both 0.1 mM and 5 mM CHC prevented lactate uptake in R3230Ac cells at lactate concentrations at ≤ 20 mM but not at 40 mM. 0.1 mM CHC was well-tolerated by R3230Ac and MCF7 cells, but 5 mM CHC killed both cell lines ± lactate, indicating off-target effects. This study showed that breast cancer cells tolerate and use lactate at clinically relevant concentrations in vitro (± glucose) and in vivo. We provided additional support for the metabolic symbiont model and discovered that breast cells prevailingly take up and catabolize lactate, providing rationale for future studies on manipulation of lactate catabolism pathways for therapy.

Catabolism of exogenous lactate reveals it as a legitimate metabolic substrate in breast cancer.

To test the effects of a novel Mn porphyrin oxidative stress modifier, Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-n-butoxyethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (MnBuOE), for its radioprotective and radiosensitizing properties in normal tissue versus tumor, respectively.

Novel Manganese-Porphyrin Superoxide Dismutase-Mimetic Widens the Therapeutic Margin in a Preclinical Head and Neck Cancer Model.

Motivated by the goal of developing a fully biodegradable optical contrast agent with translational clinical potential, a nanoparticle delivery vehicle was generated from the self-assembly of poly(ethylene-glycol)-block-poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-caprolactone) (PEG-b-TCL) copolymers. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy verified that PEG-b-TCL-based micelles were formed at low solution temperatures (∼38 °C). Detailed spectroscopic experiments validated facile loading of large quantities of the high emission dipole strength, tris(porphyrin)-based fluorophore PZn within their cores, and the micelles displayed negligible in vitro and in vivo toxicities in model systems. The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PZn-loaded PEG-b-TCL-based micelles injected intravenously were determined via ex vivo near-infrared (NIR) imaging of PZn emission in microcapillary tubes containing minute quantities of blood, to establish a novel method for minimally invasive pharmacokinetic monitoring. The in vivo circulatory half-life of the PEG-b-TCL-based micelles was found to be ∼19.6 h. Additionally, longitudinal in vivo imaging of orthotopically transplanted breast tumors enabled determination of micelle biodistribution that correlated to ex vivo imaging results, demonstrating accumulation predominantly within the tumors and livers of mice. The PEG-b-TCL-based micelles quickly extravasated within 4T1 orthotopic mammary carcinomas, exhibiting peak accumulation at ∼48 h following intravenous tail-vein injection. In summary, PEG-b-TCL-based micelles demonstrated favorable characteristics for further development as in vivo optical contrast agents for minimally invasive imaging of breast tumors.

Article	Year
Overcoming limitations in nanoparticle drug delivery: triggered, intravascular release to improve drug penetration into tumors. Cancer research\| PubMed ID: 22952218	2012
Novel approaches to treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastases using thermal ablation and thermosensitive liposomes. Surgical oncology clinics of North America\| PubMed ID: 23622079	2013
Nanoscale Drug Delivery and Hyperthermia: The Materials Design and Preclinical and Clinical Testing of Low Temperature-Sensitive Liposomes Used in Combination with Mild Hyperthermia in the T... The open nanomedicine journal\| PubMed ID: 23807899	2011
Tumor cells upregulate normoxic HIF-1α in response to doxorubicin. Cancer research\| PubMed ID: 23959856	2013
Magnetic fluid hyperthermia for bladder cancer: a preclinical dosimetry study. International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group\| PubMed ID: 24050253	2013
Catabolism of exogenous lactate reveals it as a legitimate metabolic substrate in breast cancer. PloS one\| PubMed ID: 24069390	2013
Novel Manganese-Porphyrin Superoxide Dismutase-Mimetic Widens the Therapeutic Margin in a Preclinical Head and Neck Cancer Model. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics\| PubMed ID: 26530759	2015
NIR-emissive PEG-b-TCL micelles for breast tumor imaging and minimally invasive pharmacokinetic analysis. Nanoscale\| PubMed ID: 28861570	2017

Chelsea D. Landon

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