genetic-variant-detection-calr-gene-using-high-resolution-melting

Genetic Variant Detection in the <em>CALR</em> gene using High Resolution Melting Analysis

High resolution melting analysis (HRM) is a powerful method for genotyping and genetic variation scanning. Most HRM applications depend on saturating DNA ...

University Medical Centre Ljubljana

University of Ljubljana

Amplification of RUNX1 (alias AML1) is a recurrent karyotypic abnormality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is generally associated with a poor outcome. It does not occur with other primary chromosomal abnormalities in acute ALL. AML1 amplification in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a rare secondary event described mainly in therapy-related cases. AML1 amplification was found in a 13-year-old patient with AML M4/M5 leukemia that occurred 5 years after she had been diagnosed with common B-cell ALL. Conventional cytogenetic, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and polymerase chain reaction methods revealed no other chromosomal change expected to occur in a disease that we assumed to be a secondary leukemia. Due to the lack of cytogenetic data from the diagnostic sample, we developed a new approach to analyze the archived bone marrow smear, which had been stained previously with May-Grünwald-Geimsa by the FISH method. This analysis confirmed that in addition to t(12;21), AML1 amplification and overexpression existed already at the time the diagnosis was made. The chromosomal changes, however, were found in different clones of bone marrow cells. While the first course of chemotherapy successfully eradicated the cell line with the t(12;21), the second cell line with AML1 amplification remained latent during the time of complete remission and reappeared with a different immunophenotype.

RUNX1 amplification in lineage conversion of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to acute myelogenous leukemia.

Although different approaches have been proposed to selectively determine multiple myeloma (MM) cells in a heterogeneous population of bone marrow (BM) cells, studies on plasma cells from primary samples of MM patients are still challenging. This is partially due to difficulties in obtaining a suitable amount of sample, but even more due to uneven infiltration of BM by MM cells. When the apoptotic effect of different agents on MM plasma cells is studied, evaluation is additionally complicated by morphological changes induced by apoptosis. We introduce a modified gating approach combining specific antibodies and exclusion of cellular interferences.

Evaluation of multiple myeloma cell apoptosis in primary bone marrow samples.

High lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue strongly predicts shorter patient survival. We tested the hypothesis that in NSCLC tissue, macrophages are the major site of LPL expression. LPL expression in the entire NSCLC tissue and in the adjacent non-cancer lung tissue was compared to the expression of genes preferentially expressed in macrophages. LPL expression at the cellular level was analyzed by mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. In the whole cancer tissue (but not in the adjacent non-cancer tissue), expression of LPL correlated with expression of genes preferentially expressed in macrophages (MSR1, CD163, FOLR2), but not with expression of genes preferentially expressed in tumor cells. All cells in the cancer and adjacent non-cancer tissue exhibit low LPL expression. However, in cancer tissue only, there were individual highly LPL-expressing cells which were macrophages. These LPL-overexpressing cells were approximately 10 times less abundant than anti-CD163-stained, tumor-associated macrophages. To conclude, in NSCLC tissue, a subpopulation of tumor-associated macrophages highly expresses LPL. Because tumor-associated macrophages are pro-tumorigenic, these cells should be further characterized to better understand the underlying nature of the close relationship between high LPL activity in NSCLC tissue and shorter patient survival. 

Lipoprotein lipase in non-small cell lung cancer tissue is highly expressed in a subpopulation of tumor-associated macrophages.

Arsenic trioxide (As(III) in solution) has been shown to be the most active single agent in combating acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). It is metabolized and excreted via urine as monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and As(V), along with excess As(III). In our study eight APL patients were treated (intravenously) with 0.15 mg As2O3/kg/day. During the therapy As(III) and its metabolites were followed in pre- and post-infusion urine using HPLC for separation followed by on-line detection using hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Five patients had a normal excretion pattern of residual arsenic compounds in morning pre-infusion urine, with 15-25% of As(III), 35-55% of DMA, 25-30% of MMA and 1-5% of As(V), while three patients showed unexpected exceptions from typical excretion patterns of arsenic compounds (i) a high DMA/MMA ratio (factor 5.3), (ii) severe As(III) oxidation (10.2% As(III) converted to As(V)) or (iii) the presence of an excessive amount of As(III) (average 30.4% of total arsenic). Intriguing was the occurrence of post-infusion oxidation of As(III) to As(V) observed in almost all patients and being especially high (>40%) in patient with increased residual As(V). Results indicate that arsenic metabolites patterns can be unpredictable. Observed high levels of un-metabolised As(III) are a warning signal for side effects and for routine determination of arsenic metabolites during first days of treatment. High or low percentages of MMA or DMA did not show any observable effect on treatment results, while clear presence of post-infusion As(V) supports theoretical claims of in vivo oxidation (detoxification) of As(III) to As(V) associated with various metabolic processes.

Exceptions in patterns of arsenic compounds in urine of acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients treated with As2O3.

In contrast to population-based medical decision making, which emphasizes the use of evidence-based treatment strategies for groups of patients, personalized medicine is based on optimizing treatment at the level of the individual patient. The creation of molecular profiles of individual patients was made possible by the advent of "omics" technologies, based on high throughput instrumental techniques in combination with biostatistics tools and artificial intelligence. The goal of personalized laboratory medicine is to use advanced technologies in the process of preventive, curative or palliative patient management. Personalized medicine does not rely on changes in concentration of a single molecular marker to make a therapeutic decision, but rather on changes of a profile of markers characterizing an individual patient's status, taking into account not only the expected response to treatment of the disease but also the expected response of the patient. Such medical approach promises a more effective diagnostics with more effective and safer treatment, as well as faster recovery and restoration of health and improved cost effectiveness. The laboratory medicine profession is aware of its key role in personalized medicine, but to empower the laboratories, at least an enhancement in cooperation between disciplines within laboratory medicine will be necessary.

Personalized laboratory medicine: a patient-centered future approach.

Recent evidence suggests that complex karyotype (CK) defined by the presence of ≥3 chromosomal aberrations (structural and/or numerical) identified by using chromosome-banding analysis (CBA) may be relevant for treatment decision-making in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, many challenges toward the routine clinical application of CBA remain. In a retrospective study of 5290 patients with available CBA data, we explored both clinicobiological associations and the clinical impact of CK in CLL. We found that patients with ≥5 abnormalities, defined as high-CK, exhibit uniformly dismal clinical outcomes, independently of clinical stage,  aberrations (deletion of chromosome 17p and/or  mutations [abs]), and the expression of somatically hypermutated (M-CLL) or unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable genes. Thus, they contrasted with CK cases with 3 or 4 aberrations (low-CK and intermediate-CK, respectively) who followed aggressive disease courses only in the presence of abs. At the other end of the spectrum, patients with CK and +12,+19 displayed an exceptionally indolent profile. Building upon CK, abs, and immunoglobulin heavy variable gene somatic hypermutation status, we propose a novel hierarchical model in which patients with high-CK exhibit the worst prognosis, whereas those with mutated CLL lacking CK or abs, as well as CK with +12,+19, show the longest overall survival. Thus, CK should not be axiomatically considered unfavorable in CLL, representing a heterogeneous group with variable clinical behavior. High-CK with ≥5 chromosomal aberrations emerges as prognostically adverse, independent of other biomarkers. Prospective clinical validation is warranted before ultimately incorporating high-CK in risk stratification of CLL.

Article	Year
RUNX1 amplification in lineage conversion of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia to acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics\| PubMed ID: 17889714	2007
Evaluation of multiple myeloma cell apoptosis in primary bone marrow samples. Clinical laboratory\| PubMed ID: 23724630	2013
Lipoprotein lipase in non-small cell lung cancer tissue is highly expressed in a subpopulation of tumor-associated macrophages. Pathology, research and practice\| PubMed ID: 23880163	2013
Exceptions in patterns of arsenic compounds in urine of acute promyelocytic leukaemia patients treated with As2O3. Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine\| PubMed ID: 26671504	2016
Personalized laboratory medicine: a patient-centered future approach. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine\| PubMed ID: 29990304	2018
Cytogenetic complexity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: definitions, associations, and clinical impact. Blood\| PubMed ID: 30602617	2019

Helena Podgornik

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