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In JoVE (3)
- चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 1
- चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 2
- चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 3
Other Publications (4)
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Articles by Judy Yen in JoVE
JoVE General
चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 1
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
चेचक संक्रमण और कोशिकाओं मेजबान और वायरल जीन की अभिव्यक्ति के HeLa के विश्लेषण के लिए प्रोटोकॉल. 3 के भाग 1.
JoVE General
चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 2
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
चेचक संक्रमण और कोशिकाओं मेजबान और वायरल जीन की अभिव्यक्ति के HeLa के विश्लेषण के लिए प्रोटोकॉल. 3 के भाग 2.
JoVE General
चेचक वायरस के संक्रमण और वायरस जीन एक्सप्रेशन के टेम्पोरल विश्लेषण: भाग 3
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
चेचक संक्रमण और कोशिकाओं मेजबान और वायरल जीन की अभिव्यक्ति के HeLa के विश्लेषण के लिए प्रोटोकॉल. भाग 3 fluorescently दोनों रंगों के अमीनो एलिल युग्मन द्वारा मेजबान वायरल नमूनों से परिलक्षित शाही सेना लेबलिंग की प्रक्रिया का वर्णन करता है. 3 के 3 भाग.
Other articles by Judy Yen on PubMed
Viable Human Cytomegalovirus Recombinant Virus with an Internal Deletion of the IE2 86 Gene Affects Late Stages of Viral Replication
Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology, we have constructed and characterized a human cytomegalovirus recombinant virus with a mutation in the exon specific for the major immediate-early region 2 (IE2) gene product. The resulting IE2 86-kDa protein (IE2 86) has an internal deletion of amino acids 136 to 290 and is fused at the carboxy terminus to enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The deletion also removes the promoter and initiator methionine for the p40 form of IE2 and initiator methionine for the p60 form of the protein, and therefore, these late gene products are not produced. The mutant virus IE2 86 Delta SX-EGFP is viable but exhibits altered growth characteristics in tissue culture compared with a full-length wild-type (wt) IE2 86-EGFP virus or a revertant virus. When cells are infected with the mutant virus at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), there is a marked delay in the production of infectious virus. This is associated with slower cell-to-cell spread of the virus. By immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses, we show that the early steps in the replication of the mutant virus are comparable to those for the wt. Although there is significantly less IE2 protein in the cells infected with the mutant, there is only a modest lag in the initial accumulation of IE1 72 and viral early proteins, and viral DNA replication proceeds normally. The mutation also has only a small effect on the synthesis of the viral major capsid protein. The most notable molecular defect in the mutant virus infection is that the steady-state levels of the pp65 (UL83) and pp28 (UL99) matrix proteins are greatly reduced. In the case of UL83, but not UL99, there is also a corresponding decrease in the amount of mRNA present in cells infected with the mutant virus.
Infection of Cells with Human Cytomegalovirus During S Phase Results in a Blockade to Immediate-early Gene Expression That Can Be Overcome by Inhibition of the Proteasome
Cells infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) after commencing DNA replication do not initiate viral immediate-early (IE) gene expression and divide before arresting. To determine the nature of this blockade, we examined cells that were infected 24 h after release from G(0) using immunofluorescence, laser scanning cytometry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Approximately 40 to 50% of the cells had 2N DNA content, became IE(+) in the first 12 h, and arrested. Most but not all of the cells with >2N DNA content did not express IE antigens until after mitosis. To define the small population of IE(+) cells that gradually accumulated within the S and G(2)/M compartments, cells were pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) just prior to S-phase infection and analyzed at 12 h postinfection for IE gene expression, BrdU positivity, and cell cycle position. Most of the BrdU(+) cells were IE(-) and had progressed into G(2)/M or back to G(1). The majority of the IE(+) cells in S and G(2)/M were BrdU(-). Only a few cells were IE(+) BrdU(+), and they resided in G(2)/M. Multipoint BrdU pulse-labeling revealed that, compared to cells actively synthesizing DNA at the beginning of the infection, a greater percentage of the cells that initiated DNA replication 4 h later could express IE antigens and proceed into S. Synchronization of the cells with aphidicolin also indicated that the blockade to the activation of IE gene expression was established in cells soon after initiation of DNA replication. It appears that a short-lived protein in S-phase cells may be required for IE gene expression, as it is partially restored by treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132.
Cyclin-dependent Kinase Activity is Required at Early Times for Accurate Processing and Accumulation of the Human Cytomegalovirus UL122-123 and UL37 Immediate-early Transcripts and at Later Times for Virus Production
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection leads to dysregulation of multiple cell cycle-regulatory proteins. In this study, we examined the effects of inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) activity on viral replication. With the drug Roscovitine, a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9, we have shown that during the first 6 h of infection, cyclin-dependent kinase-dependent events occurred that included the regulated processing and accumulation of the immediate-early (IE) UL122-123 transcripts and UL36-37 transcripts. Altered processing of UL122-123 led to a loss of IE1-72 and an increase in IE2-86. The ratio of spliced to unspliced UL37 transcripts also changed. These effects did not require de novo protein synthesis or degradation of proteins by the proteasome. Addition of Roscovitine at the beginning of the infection was also associated with inhibition of expression of selected viral early gene products, viral DNA replication, and late viral gene expression. When Roscovitine was added after the first 6 h of infection, the effects on IE gene expression were no longer observed and viral replication proceeded through the late phase, but viral titers were reduced. The reduction in viral titer was observed even when Roscovitine was first added at 48 h postinfection, indicating that cyclin-dependent kinase activity is required at both IE and late times. Flavopiridol, another specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, had similar effects on IE and early gene expression. These results underscore the importance of accurate RNA processing and reiterate the significant role of cell cycle-regulatory factors in HCMV infection.
Therapeutics of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Whole-genome Transcriptional Analysis of Successful Disease Mitigation
The mechanisms of Ebola (EBOV) pathogenesis are only partially understood, but the dysregulation of normal host immune responses (including destruction of lymphocytes, increases in circulating cytokine levels, and development of coagulation abnormalities) is thought to play a major role. Accumulating evidence suggests that much of the observed pathology is not the direct result of virus-induced structural damage but rather is due to the release of soluble immune mediators from EBOV-infected cells. It is therefore essential to understand how the candidate therapeutic may be interrupting the disease process and/or targeting the infectious agent. To identify genetic signatures that are correlates of protection, we used a DNA microarray-based approach to compare the host genome-wide responses of EBOV-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) responding to candidate therapeutics. We observed that, although the overall circulating immune response was similar in the presence and absence of coagulation inhibitors, surviving NHPs clustered together. Noticeable differences in coagulation-associated genes appeared to correlate with survival, which revealed a subset of distinctly differentially expressed genes, including chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8/MCP-2), that may provide possible targets for early-stage diagnostics or future therapeutics. These analyses will assist us in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of EBOV infection and in identifying improved therapeutic strategies.
