characterization-calcification-events-using-live-optical-electron

Characterization of Calcification Events Using Live Optical and Electron Microscopy Techniques in a Marine Tubeworm

Characterizing the first event of biological production of calcium carbonate requires a combination of microscopy approaches. First, intracellular pH ...

Clemson University

Un compuesto de nanotubos/azufre polianilina vulcanizado novela fue preparado con &eacute;xito mediante un proceso de vulcanizaci&oacute;n in situ calentando una mezcla de nanotubos polianilina y azufre a 280 &deg; C. El electrodo podr&iacute;a conservar una capacidad de descarga de 837 mAh g(-1) despu&eacute;s de 100 ciclos a una tasa de 0,1 C y manifiesta retenci&oacute;n de 76% de la capacidad hasta para 500 ciclos a una velocidad de 1 C.

Un enfoque suave para encapsular azufre: polianilina nanotubos para bater&iacute;as de litio-azufre con largo ciclo de vida.

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A novel vulcanized polyaniline nanotube/sulfur composite was prepared successfully via an in situ vulcanization process by heating a mixture of polyaniline nanotube and sulfur at 280 Â°C. The electrode could retain a discharge capacity of 837 mAh g(-1) after 100 cycles at a 0.1 C rate and manifested 76% capacity retention up to 500 cycles at a 1 C rate.

A soft approach to encapsulate sulfur: polyaniline nanotubes for lithium-sulfur batteries with long cycle life.

Un composite nanotube/soufre de polyaniline vulcanis&eacute; roman a &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;par&eacute; avec succ&egrave;s via un processus de vulcanisation in situ en chauffant un m&eacute;lange de nanotube de polyaniline et de soufre &agrave; 280 &deg; C. L&#39;&eacute;lectrode pouvait conserver une capacit&eacute; de d&eacute;charge de 837 mAh g(-1) apr&egrave;s 100 cycles &agrave; un taux de 0,1 C et manifeste de r&eacute;tention capacit&eacute; de 76 % jusqu&#39;&agrave; 500 cycles &agrave; un taux de 1 C.

Une approche douce pour encapsuler le soufre : nanotubes de polyaniline pour batteries au lithium-soufre avec la longue vie de cycle.

Neuartige vulkanisierter Polyanilin Nanotube/Schwefel zusammengesetzt wurde erfolgreich &uuml;ber eine in-situ Vulkanisations-Prozess vorbereitet, durch Erhitzen einer Mischung aus Polyanilin Nanotube und Schwefel bei 280 &deg; C. Die Elektrode konnte ein Auslaufleistung von 837 mAh g(-1) nach 100 Zyklen mit einer Rate von 0,1 C behalten und 76 % Kapazit&auml;t Selbstbeteiligung bis zu 500 Zyklen mit einer Rate von 1 C manifestiert.

Ein weicher Ansatz Schwefel zu Kapseln: Polyanilin Nanotubes f&uuml;r Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien mit langer Zyklusleben.

Un composito di nanotubi/zolfo romanzo polianilina vulcanizzata &egrave; stato preparato con successo attraverso un processo di vulcanizzazione in situ riscaldando una miscela di polianilina nanotubo e zolfo a 280 &deg; C. L&#39;elettrodo poteva mantenere una capacit&agrave; di scarico di 837 mAh g(-1) dopo 100 cicli a una velocit&agrave; di 0,1 C e manifesta ritenzione capacit&agrave; 76% fino a 500 cicli con un tasso di 1 C.

Un approccio morbido per incapsulare zolfo: polianilina nanotubi per batterie litio-zolfo con un lungo ciclo di vita.

&#x5C0F;&#x8AAC;&#x52A0;&#x786B;&#x30DD;&#x30EA;&#x30A2;&#x30CB;&#x30EA;&#x30F3; &#x30AB;&#x30FC;&#x30DC;&#x30F3;&#x30CA;&#x30CE; &#x30C1;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30D6;/&#x786B;&#x9EC4;&#x8907;&#x5408;&#x30DD;&#x30EA;&#x30A2;&#x30CB;&#x30EA;&#x30F3; &#x30AB;&#x30FC;&#x30DC;&#x30F3;&#x30CA;&#x30CE; &#x30C1;&#x30E5;&#x30FC;&#x30D6;&#x3068;&#x786B;&#x9EC4; 280 &#x2103; &#x3067;&#x306E;&#x6DF7;&#x5408;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x52A0;&#x71B1;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3001;in situ &#x52A0;&#x786B;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30BB;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x4ECB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x6B63;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x6E96;&#x5099;&#x3060;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x306F; 0.1 C &#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30C8; 100 &#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30EB;&#x5F8C; 837 mAh g(-1) &#x306E;&#x653E;&#x96FB;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x3092;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x6700;&#x5927; 500 &#x306E;&#x5468;&#x671F; 1 C &#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3067; 76 &#xFF05; &#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x3092;&#x660E;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

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&#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xBB34;&#xC0AC; &#xD3F4;&#xB9AC;&#xC544;&#xB2D0;&#xB9B0; &#xB098;&#xB178;&#xD29C;&#xBE0C;/&#xC720;&#xD669; &#xBCF5;&#xD569; &#xD3F4;&#xB9AC;&#xC544;&#xB2D0;&#xB9B0; &#xB098;&#xB178;&#xD29C;&#xBE0C;&#xC640; 280 &deg; c.&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC720;&#xD669; &#xD63C;&#xD569;&#xBB3C;&#xC774; &#xC5F4; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC6D0;&#xB798;&#xC758; &#xC7A5;&#xC18C;&#xC5D0; &#xD669; &#xACFC;&#xC815;&#xC744; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xC131;&#xACF5;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC900;&#xBE44; &#xD588;&#xB2E4; &#xC804;&#xADF9; 0.1 C &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; 100 &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD074; &#xD6C4; 837 mAh g(-1)&#xC758; &#xBC29;&#xC804; &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9;&#xC744; &#xC720;&#xC9C0; &#xC218; &#xBC0F; 1 C &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; 500 &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD074;&#xC5D0; &#xCD5C;&#xB300; 76% &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9; &#xC720;&#xC9C0;&#xB97C; &#xAC01; &#xC131;.

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We used anionic sulfate surfactants to assist the stabilization of graphene in aqueous solutions and facilitate the self-assembly of in situ grown nanocrystalline TiO2, rutile and anatase, with graphene. These nanostructured TiO2-graphene hybrid materials were used for investigation of Li-ion insertion properties. The hybrid materials showed significantly enhanced Li-ion insertion/extraction in TiO2. The specific capacity was more than doubled at high charge rates, as compared with the pure TiO2 phase. The improved capacity at high charge-discharge rate may be attributed to increased electrode conductivity in the presence of a percolated graphene network embedded into the metal oxide electrodes.

Self-assembled TiO2-graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced Li-ion insertion.

Focusing light to subwavelength dimensions has been a long-standing desire in optics but has remained challenging, even with new strategies based on near-field effects, polaritons, and metamaterials. The adiabatic propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) on a conical taper as proposed theoretically has recently emerged as particularly promising to obtain a nanoconfined light source at the tip. Employing grating-coupling of SPPs onto gold tips, we demonstrate plasmonic nanofocusing into a localized excitation of approximately 20 nm in size and investigate its near- and far-field behavior. For cone angles of approximately 10-20 degrees , the breakdown of the adiabatic propagation conditions is found to be localized at or near the apex region with approximately 10 nm radius. Despite an asymmetric side-on SPP excitation, the apex far-field emission with axial polarization characteristics representing a radially symmetric SPP mode in the nanofocus confirms that the conical tip acts as an effective mode filter with only the fundamental radially symmetric TM mode (m = 0) propagating to the apex. We demonstrate the use of these tips as a source for nearly background-free scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM).

Near-field localization in plasmonic superfocusing: a nanoemitter on a tip.

Surfactant or polymer directed self-assembly has been widely investigated to prepare nanostructured metal oxides, semiconductors, and polymers, but this approach is mostly limited to two-phase materials, organic/inorganic hybrids, and nanoparticle or polymer-based nanocomposites. Self-assembled nanostructures from more complex, multiscale, and multiphase building blocks have been investigated with limited success. Here, we demonstrate a ternary self-assembly approach using graphene as fundamental building blocks to construct ordered metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites. A new class of layered nanocomposites is formed containing stable, ordered alternating layers of nanocrystalline metal oxides with graphene or graphene stacks. Alternatively, the graphene or graphene stacks can be incorporated into liquid-crystal-templated nanoporous structures to form high surface area, conductive networks. The self-assembly method can also be used to fabricate free-standing, flexible metal oxide-graphene nanocomposite films and electrodes. We have investigated the Li-ion insertion properties of the self-assembled electrodes for energy storage and show that the SnO2-graphene nanocomposite films can achieve near theoretical specific energy density without significant charge/discharge degradation.

Ternary self-assembly of ordered metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage.

In addition to the electric field E(r), the associated magnetic field H(r) and current density J(r) characterize any electromagnetic device, providing insight into antenna coupling and mutual impedance. We demonstrate the optical analogue of the radio frequency vector network analyzer implemented in interferometric homodyne scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy for obtaining E(r), H(r), and J(r). The approach is generally applicable and demonstrated for the case of a linear coupled-dipole antenna in the midinfrared spectral region. The determination of the underlying 3D vector electric near-field distribution E(r) with nanometer spatial resolution and full phase and amplitude information is enabled by the design of probe tips with selectivity with respect to E(∥) and E(⊥) fabricated by focused ion-beam milling and nano-chemical-vapor-deposition methods.

Determination of electric-field, magnetic-field, and electric-current distributions of infrared optical antennas: a near-field optical vector network analyzer.

Reversible sodium ion insertion in single crystalline manganese oxide nanowires with long cycle life.

&#x9502;-&#x7A7A;&#x6C14;&#x7535;&#x6C60;&#x662F;&#x5404;&#x79CD;&#x7535;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x80FD;&#x6E90;&#x5B58;&#x50A8;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x6700;&#x6709;&#x524D;&#x666F;&#x7684;&#x6280;&#x672F;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x7EC4;&#x6210; &#xFF08;&#x4E0E;&#x65E0;&#x50AC;&#x5316;&#x5242;&#xFF09; &#x7684;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x5316;&#x77F3;&#x58A8;&#x70EF;&#x8584;&#x7247;&#x4E0D;&#x5BFB;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x5C42;&#x6392;&#x5217;&#x7684;&#x4E00;&#x79CD;&#x65B0;&#x578B;&#x7A7A;&#x6C14;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B; 15000 mAh/g lithium-O(2) &#x7535;&#x6C60;&#x4E2D;&#x8FD9;&#x662F;&#x4EE5;&#x5F80;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x65F6;&#x5019;&#x90FD;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x5728;&#x6B64;&#x5B57;&#x6BB5;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x9AD8;&#x503C;&#x6781;&#x9AD8;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5353;&#x8D8A;&#x7684;&#x6027;&#x80FD;&#x8981;&#x5F52;&#x529F;&#x4E8E;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x7531;&#x5FAE;&#x5B54;&#x6E20;&#x9053;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x5FEB;&#x901F; O(2) &#x6269;&#x6563;&#x800C;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x7684;&#x7EB3;&#x7C73;&#x6BDB;&#x5B54;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x9AD8;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x7684; Li-O(2) &#x53CD;&#x5E94;&#x65E0;&#x529F;&#x7AD9;&#x70B9;&#x7EC4;&#x6210;&#x7684;&#x72EC;&#x7279;&#x7684;&#x53CC;&#x5CF0;&#x591A;&#x5B54;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x3002;&#x6B64;&#x5916;&#xFF0C;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#x7684;&#x7F3A;&#x9677;&#x4E0E;&#x77F3;&#x58A8;&#x70EF;&#x4E0A;&#x7684;&#x5B98;&#x80FD;&#x56E2;&#x9752;&#x7750;&#x7684;&#x5B64;&#x7ACB;&#x7684;&#x7EB3;&#x7C73; Li(2)O(2) &#x7C92;&#x5B50;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x548C;&#x5E2E;&#x52A9;&#x9632;&#x6B62;&#x7A7A;&#x6C14;&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x6C14;&#x7535;&#x6781;&#x963B;&#x585E;&#x3002;&#x6279;&#x91CF;&#x77F3;&#x58A8;&#x70EF;&#x7684;&#x5C42;&#x6B21;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x6709;&#x5E8F;&#x591A;&#x5B54;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4F7F;&#x5176;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x4FC3;&#x8FDB;&#x5BF9;&#x5927;&#x591A;&#x6570;&#x7684;&#x77F3;&#x58A8;&#x70EF;&#x8584;&#x7247;&#xFF0C;&#x5728;&#x6B64;&#x7ED3;&#x6784;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x8F85;&#x52A9;&#x529F;&#x80FD;&#x3002;

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The lithium-air battery is one of the most promising technologies among various electrochemical energy storage systems. We demonstrate that a novel air electrode consisting of an unusual hierarchical arrangement of functionalized graphene sheets (with no catalyst) delivers an exceptionally high capacity of 15000 mAh/g in lithium-O(2) batteries which is the highest value ever reported in this field. This excellent performance is attributed to the unique bimodal porous structure of the electrode which consists of microporous channels facilitating rapid O(2) diffusion while the highly connected nanoscale pores provide a high density of reactive sites for Li-O(2) reactions. Further, we show that the defects and functional groups on graphene favor the formation of isolated nanosized Li(2)O(2) particles and help prevent air blocking in the air electrode. The hierarchically ordered porous structure in bulk graphene enables its practical applications by promoting accessibility to most graphene sheets in this structure.

Hierarchically porous graphene as a lithium-air battery electrode.

La batterie lithium-air est l&#39;une des technologies plus prometteuses parmi les diff&eacute;rents syst&egrave;mes de stockage d&#39;&eacute;nergie &eacute;lectrochimique. Nous d&eacute;montrons qu&#39;une &eacute;lectrode roman air consistant en un arrangement inhabituel hi&eacute;rarchique des feuilles de graph&egrave;ne fonctionnalis&eacute;s (avec aucun catalyseur) offre une capacit&eacute; exceptionnelle de 15000 mAh/g dans les batteries de lithium-O(2) qui est la valeur la plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e jamais signal&eacute;e dans ce domaine. Cette excellente performance est attribu&eacute;e &agrave; la structure poreuse bimodale unique de l&#39;&eacute;lectrode qui consiste en des canaux microporeux, faciliter la diffusion rapide d&#39;o (2) tandis que les pores nanom&eacute;triques hautement connect&eacute;s fournissent une haute densit&eacute; de sites r&eacute;actifs pour des r&eacute;actions de Li-O(2). En outre, nous montrons que les d&eacute;fauts et les groupes fonctionnels sur le graph&egrave;ne, favorisent la formation de particules de taille nanom&eacute;trique isol&eacute; Li(2)O(2) et aider &agrave; emp&ecirc;cher l&#39;air d&#39;un blocage dans l&#39;&eacute;lectrode de l&#39;air. La structure poreuse hi&eacute;rarchiquement ordonn&eacute;e dans le graph&egrave;ne en vrac permet &agrave; ses applications pratiques en favorisant l&#39;accessibilit&eacute; &agrave; la plupart feuilles de graph&egrave;ne dans cette structure.

Graph&egrave;ne hi&eacute;rarchiquement poreux comme une &eacute;lectrode de batterie lithium-air.

Die Lithium-Luft-Batterie ist eine der vielversprechendsten Technologien unter verschiedenen elektrochemische Energie-Speichersysteme. Wir zeigen, dass eine neuartige Luft-Elektrode, bestehend aus einer ungew&ouml;hnlichen hierarchische Anordnung von funktionalisierten Graphen Bl&auml;tter (mit ohne Katalysator) eine au&szlig;ergew&ouml;hnlich hohe Kapazit&auml;t von 15000 mAh/g in lithium-O(2)-Batterien liefert, das ist der h&ouml;chste Wert, der jemals in diesem Bereich berichtet. Diese hervorragende Leistung ist die einzigartige Bimodale por&ouml;se Struktur der Elektrode zugeordnet, aus mikropor&ouml;sen Kan&auml;len raschen O(2) Verbreitung zu erleichtern besteht, w&auml;hrend die hochgradig vernetzten nanoskalige Poren eine hohe Dichte an reaktiven Standorte f&uuml;r Li-O(2) Reaktionen bieten. Dar&uuml;ber hinaus zeigen wir, dass die M&auml;ngel und funktionellen Gruppen auf Graphen die Bildung von isolierten nanoskaligen Li(2)O(2) Teilchen beg&uuml;nstigen und verhindern, dass Luft, die in der Luft-Elektrode blockieren. Die hierarchisch geordnete por&ouml;se Struktur in loser Sch&uuml;ttung Graphen kann ihre praktischen Anwendungen durch die F&ouml;rderung der Zug&auml;nglichkeit zu den meisten Graphen-Bl&auml;tter in dieser Struktur.

Hierarchisch por&ouml;se Graphen als ein Lithium-Luft-Batterie-Elektrode.

La batteria al litio-aria &egrave; una delle tecnologie pi&ugrave; promettenti tra i vari sistemi di accumulo di energia elettrochimica. Dimostriamo che un elettrodo romanzo aria costituito da un&#39;insolita disposizione gerarchica di fogli di grafene funzionalizzate (con nessun catalizzatore) offre un&#39;altissima capacit&agrave; di 15000 mAh/g in lithium-O(2) batterie che &egrave; il valore pi&ugrave; alto mai segnalato in questo campo. Questa eccellente prestazione &egrave; attribuita all&#39;unica struttura porosa bimodale dell&#39;elettrodo che consiste dei canali microporosa agevolando la rapida diffusione di apparato mentre i pori su scala nanometrica altamente connessi offrono un&#39;alta densit&agrave; di siti reattivi per reazioni di Li-O(2). Ulteriormente, ci mostrano che i difetti e gruppi funzionali su grafene favoriscono la formazione di particelle di dimensioni nanometriche isolato Li(2)O(2) e aiutano a prevenire il blocco nell&#39;elettrodo aria aria. La struttura porosa gerarchicamente ordinata in bulk grafene permette le applicazioni pratiche promuovendo l&#39;accessibilit&agrave; per la maggior parte dei fogli di grafene in questa struttura.

Grafene gerarchicamente porosi come un elettrodo della batteria al litio-aria.

&#x30EA;&#x30C1;&#x30A6;&#x30E0;&#x7A7A;&#x6C17;&#x96FB;&#x6C60;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x69D8;&#x3005; &#x306A;&#x96FB;&#x6C17;&#x5316;&#x5B66;&#x30A8;&#x30CD;&#x30EB;&#x30AE;&#x30FC;&#x8CAF;&#x8535;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x306E;&#x4E2D;&#x3067;&#x6700;&#x3082;&#x6709;&#x671B;&#x306A;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x306E;&#x4E00;&#x3064;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005; &#x306F; &#xFF08;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x89E6;&#x5A92;) &#x3068;&#x5B98;&#x80FD;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30F3; &#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x73CD;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x968E;&#x5C64;&#x5354;&#x5B9A;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x6210;&#x308B;&#x5C0F;&#x8AAC;&#x7A7A;&#x6C17;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x307E;&#x3067;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x5206;&#x91CE;&#x3067;&#x6700;&#x9AD8;&#x306E;&#x5024;&#x3067;&#x3059; 15000 mAh/g lithium-O(2) &#x96FB;&#x6C60;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x80FD;&#x529B;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x512A;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30D1;&#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30FC;&#x30DE;&#x30F3;&#x30B9; &#x30DF;&#x30AF;&#x30ED;&#x30DD;&#x30FC;&#x30E9;&#x30B9; &#x30C1;&#x30E3;&#x30F3;&#x30CD;&#x30EB;&#x306E; Li-O(2) &#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x306E;&#x53CD;&#x5FDC;&#x90E8;&#x4F4D;&#x306E;&#x9AD8;&#x5BC6;&#x5EA6;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x306B;&#x63A5;&#x7D9A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30CA;&#x30CE;&#x30B9;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x306E;&#x7D30;&#x5B54;&#x3092;&#x63D0;&#x4F9B;&#x3057;&#x306A;&#x304C;&#x3089;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306A; O(2) &#x306E;&#x62E1;&#x6563;&#x3092;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3067;&#x69CB;&#x6210;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x306E;&#x4E00;&#x610F;&#x306E;&#x4E8C;&#x5143;&#x7684;&#x7D30;&#x5B54;&#x69CB;&#x9020;&#x306B;&#x8D77;&#x56E0;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x3001;&#x6B20;&#x9665;&#x3068;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30F3;&#x306E;&#x6A5F;&#x80FD;&#x7684;&#x30B0;&#x30EB;&#x30FC;&#x30D7;&#x5206;&#x96E2;&#x30CA;&#x30CE; Li(2)O(2) &#x7C92;&#x5B50;&#x306E;&#x5F62;&#x6210;&#x3092;&#x652F;&#x6301;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x7A7A;&#x6C17;&#x7A7A;&#x6C17;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x3067;&#x30D6;&#x30ED;&#x30C3;&#x30AD;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x3092;&#x9632;&#x3050;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x968E;&#x5C64;&#x7684;&#x79E9;&#x5E8F;&#x306E;&#x591A;&#x5B54;&#x8CEA;&#x69CB;&#x9020;&#x4E00;&#x62EC;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30F3;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5B9F;&#x7528;&#x307B;&#x3068;&#x3093;&#x3069;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30F3; &#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x69CB;&#x9020;&#x4F53;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x30A2;&#x30AF;&#x30BB;&#x30B7;&#x30D3;&#x30EA;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x3092;&#x4FC3;&#x9032;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x968E;&#x5C64;&#x7684;&#x591A;&#x5B54;&#x30B0;&#x30E9;&#x30D5;&#x30A7;&#x30F3; &#x30EA;&#x30C1;&#x30A6;&#x30E0;&#x7A7A;&#x6C17;&#x96FB;&#x6C60;&#x96FB;&#x6975;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3002;

&#xB9AC;&#xD2AC;-&#xACF5;&#xAE30; &#xBC30;&#xD130;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xC804;&#xAE30; &#xD654;&#xD559; &#xC5D0;&#xB108;&#xC9C0; &#xC800;&#xC7A5; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; &#xC911;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xC720;&#xB9DD;&#xD55C; &#xAE30;&#xC220; &#xC911;&#xC758; &#xD558;&#xB098; &#xC774;&#xB2E4;. (&#xC544;&#xB2C8; &#xCE74; &#xD0C8; &#xB9AC;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;)&#xC640; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5;&#xC131;&#xB41C; &#xADF8;&#xB798; &#xC2DC;&#xD2B8;&#xC758; &#xD2B9;&#xC774; &#xD55C; &#xACC4;&#xCE35;&#xC801; &#xD569;&#xC758; &#xC774;&#xB8E8;&#xC5B4;&#xC9C4; &#xC18C;&#xC124; &#xACF5;&#xAE30; &#xC804;&#xADF9; 15000 mAh/g&#xC758; lithium-O(2) &#xBC30;&#xD130;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0;&#xB3C4;&#xC774; &#xD544;&#xB4DC;&#xC5D0; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0; &#xB41C; &#xAC00;&#xC7A5; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xAC12;&#xC740; &#xC608;&#xC678;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9;&#xC744; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD55C;&#xB2E4;&#xB294; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC; &#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xC6B0;&#xC218;&#xD55C; &#xC131;&#xB2A5;&#xC740; &#xACE0;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0; &#xB41C; &#xB098;&#xB178; &#xC138;&#xACF5; Li-O(2) &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xBC18;&#xC751;&#xC131; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD2B8;&#xC758; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xBC00;&#xB3C4; &#xC81C;&#xACF5; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xC2E0;&#xC18D; &#xD558; &#xAC8C; O(2) &#xBCF4;&#xAE09;&#xC744; &#xCD09;&#xC9C4; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xBBF8;&#xC18C; &#xCC44;&#xB110; &#xAD6C;&#xC131; &#xB41C; &#xC804;&#xADF9;&#xC758; &#xB3C5;&#xD2B9;&#xD55C; &#xBAA8;&#xB2EC; &#xB2E4;&#xACF5;&#xC131; &#xAD6C;&#xC870;&#xC5D0; &#xB530;&#xB77C; &#xACB0;&#xC815; &#xB429;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C;, &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xACB0;&#xD568;&#xACFC; &#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xB2A5; &#xADF8;&#xB8F9; &#xACA9;&#xB9AC; &#xB41C; nanosized Li(2)O(2) &#xC785;&#xC790;&#xC758; &#xD615;&#xC131;&#xC744; &#xC120;&#xD638; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xACF5;&#xAE30; &#xACF5;&#xAE30; &#xC804;&#xADF9;&#xC5D0; &#xCC28;&#xB2E8; &#xBC29;&#xC9C0; &#xBCF4;&#xC5EC;&#xC90D;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB300;&#xB7C9; &#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xC5D0; &#xACC4;&#xCE35;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC815;&#xB82C; &#xB41C; &#xB2E4;&#xACF5;&#xC131; &#xAD6C;&#xC870;&#xAC00;&#xC774; &#xAD6C;&#xC870;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB300;&#xBD80;&#xBD84;&#xC758; &#xADF8;&#xB798; &#xC2DC;&#xD2B8;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC561;&#xC138;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xD64D;&#xBCF4; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xADF8; &#xC2E4;&#xC6A9;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC751;&#xC6A9; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xB9AC;&#xD2AC;-&#xACF5;&#xAE30; &#xBC30;&#xD130;&#xB9AC; &#xC804;&#xADF9;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xACC4;&#xCE35;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xB2E4;&#xACF5;&#xC131; &#xADF8;&#xB798;.

La bater&iacute;a de litio-air es una de las tecnolog&iacute;as m&aacute;s prometedoras entre varios sistemas de almacenamiento electroqu&iacute;mico de energ&iacute;a. Demostramos que un electrodo de aire novedoso que consiste en un inusual arreglo jer&aacute;rquico de hojas de grafeno funcionalizados (con ning&uacute;n catalizador) ofrece una excepcional capacidad de 15000 mAh/g en bater&iacute;as de lithium-O(2) que es el valor m&aacute;s alto jam&aacute;s publicado en este campo. Este excelente desempe&ntilde;o se atribuye a la &uacute;nica estructura porosa bimodal del electrodo que consiste en canales microporosa facilitando la r&aacute;pida difusi&oacute;n de O(2) mientras que los poros de la nanoescala altamente conectados proporcionan una alta densidad de sitios reactivos para reacciones de Li-O(2). Adem&aacute;s, demostramos que los defectos y los grupos funcionales en el favorecer la formaci&oacute;n de part&iacute;culas de Li(2)O(2) de nanosized aislados y evitar el bloqueo en el electrodo de aire de aire. La estructura porosa jer&aacute;rquicamente ordenada en grafeno a granel permite su aplicaci&oacute;n pr&aacute;ctica mediante la promoci&oacute;n de la accesibilidad a la mayor&iacute;a hojas de grafeno en esta estructura.

Grafeno jer&aacute;rquicamente poroso como un electrodo de la bater&iacute;a de litio-aire.

A method for tuning the analyte affinity of magnetic, inorganic nanostructured sorbents for heavy metal contaminants is described. The manganese-doped iron oxide nanoparticle sorbents have a remarkably high affinity compared to the precursor material. Sorbent affinity can be tuned toward an analyte of interest simply by adjustment of the dopant quantity. The results show that following the Mn doping process there is a large increase in affinity and capacity for heavy metals (i.e., Co, Ni, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, Hg, and Tl). Capacity measurements were carried out for the removal of cadmium from river water and showed significantly higher loading than the relevant commercial sorbents tested for comparison. The reduction in Cd concentration from 100 ppb spiked river water to 1 ppb (less than the EPA drinking water limit of 5 ppb for Cd) was achieved following treatment with the Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles. The Mn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles were able to load ~1 ppm of Cd followed by complete stripping and recovery of the Cd with a mild acid wash. The Cd loading and stripping is shown to be consistent through multiple cycles with no loss of sorbent performance.

Manganese doping of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: tailoring surface reactivity for a regenerable heavy metal sorbent.

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a powerful technique for surface microstructure analysis. EBSD analysis of cubic yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is demonstrated. The statistics related to EBSD indexing reliability shows that the probability of accurate grain orientation detection increased significantly when the electron beam energy was increased from 10 to 30 kV. As a result of better sampling with increased interaction volume, a disparity between local and average grain misorientation angle also exhibited the dependence of the electron beam energy to determine the accuracy of grain orientation. To study EBSD indexing reliability as a function of surface roughness and overlayer formation, rapid EBSD measurement tests were performed on (a) YSZ surfaces ion-polished at ion beam energies of 65 nA at 30 kV and 1 nA at 30 kV and (b) carbon-coated versus uncoated YSZ surfaces. The EBSD results at both 10 and 30 kV electron beam energies indicate that EBSD indexing reliability is negatively affected by higher ion beam milling current and amorphous overlayer formation.

Dependence of the electron beam energy and types of surface to determine EBSD indexing reliability in yttria-stabilized zirconia.

Flexible anionic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are transformed into neutral heterobimetallic systems via single-crystal-to-single-crystal processes invoked by cation insertion. These transformations are directed by cooperative bond breakage and formation, resulting in expansion or contraction of the 3D framework by up to 33% due to the flexible nature of the organic linker. These MOFs displays highly selective uptake of divalent transition-metal cations (e.g., Co(2+) and Ni(2+)) over alkali-metal cations (Li(+) and Na(+)).

Selective metal cation capture by soft anionic metal-organic frameworks via drastic single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations.

Pyrolyzation &#x7A7A;&#x5FC3;&#x805A;&#x82EF;&#x80FA;&#x7EB3;&#x7C73;&#x7EBF;&#x524D;&#x4F53;&#x901A;&#x8FC7;&#x7F16;&#x5199;&#x4E86;&#x7A7A;&#x5FC3;&#x78B3;&#x7EB3;&#x7C73;&#x7EBF; (HCNWs)&#x3002;&#x7528;&#x4F5C; Na &#x79BB;&#x5B50;&#x7535;&#x6C60;&#x8D1F;&#x6781;&#x6750;&#x6599;&#x7684; HCNWs &#x63D0;&#x4F9B; 251 mAh g(-1) &#x548C; 82.2%&#x7684;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x4FDD;&#x7559;&#x9AD8;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x7684;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x8D85;&#x8FC7; 400 &#x5145;&#x653E;&#x7535;&#x548C;&#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x5468;&#x671F; 1.2 0.01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) &#x5728;&#x6052;&#x5B9A;&#x7535;&#x6D41;&#x7684; 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C)&#x3002;&#x4EE5;&#x66F4;&#x9AD8;&#x7684;&#x5145;&#x653E;&#x7535;&#x901F;&#x5EA6;&#x8FD8;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x4F18;&#x79C0;&#x7684;&#x5FAA;&#x73AF;&#x7A33;&#x5B9A;&#x6027;&#x3002;149 MAh g(-1) &#x9AD8;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x8FD8;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x83B7;&#x5F97; 500 mA g(-1) (2c) &#x7684;&#x5F53;&#x524D;&#x901F;&#x7387;&#x3002;&#x597D;&#x7684;&#x94A0;&#x79BB;&#x5B50;&#x63D2;&#x5165;&#x5C5E;&#x6027;&#x5F52;&#x56E0;&#x4E8E;&#x77ED;&#x6269;&#x6563;&#x7684;&#x8DDD;&#x79BB;&#x4EE5; HCNWs &#x548C;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x5C42;&#x95F4;&#x8DDD;&#x79BB; (0.37 nm&#xFF09; &#x4E4B;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x77F3;&#x58A8;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x4F5C;&#x8868;&#xFF0C;&#x5176;&#x4E2D;&#x540C;&#x610F;&#x4E0E;&#x9884;&#x6D4B;&#x7684;&#x7406;&#x8BBA;&#x8BA1;&#x7B97;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x78B3;&#x6750;&#x6599;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x94A0;&#x79BB;&#x5B50;&#x63D2;&#x5165;&#x5C42;&#x95F4;&#x7684;&#x8DDD;&#x79BB;&#x3002;

&#x7A7A;&#x5FC3;&#x78B3;&#x7EB3;&#x7C73;&#x7EBF;&#x7684;&#x7535;&#x6C60;&#x5E94;&#x7528;&#x7A0B;&#x5E8F;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x94A0;&#x79BB;&#x5B50;&#x63D2;&#x5165;&#x3002;

Hollow carbon nanowires (HCNWs) were prepared through pyrolyzation of a hollow polyaniline nanowire precursor. The HCNWs used as anode material for Na-ion batteries deliver a high reversible capacity of 251 mAh g(-1) and 82.2% capacity retention over 400 charge-discharge cycles between 1.2 and 0.01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) at a constant current of 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C). Excellent cycling stability is also observed at an even higher charge-discharge rate. A high reversible capacity of 149 mAh g(-1) also can be obtained at a current rate of 500 mA g(-1) (2C). The good Na-ion insertion property is attributed to the short diffusion distance in the HCNWs and the large interlayer distance (0.37 nm) between the graphitic sheets, which agrees with the interlayered distance predicted by theoretical calculations to enable Na-ion insertion in carbon materials.

Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications.

Nanofils carbone creux (HCNWs) ont &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;par&eacute;s par le biais de pyrolyzation d&#39;un pr&eacute;curseur de nanofils de polyaniline creux. Les HCNWs utilis&eacute;s comme mat&eacute;riau d&#39;anode pour batteries Na-ion offrent une haute capacit&eacute; r&eacute;versible 251 g(-1) mAh et la conservation de 82,2 % de la capacit&eacute; de plus de 400 cycles de charge-d&eacute;charge entre 1,2 et 0,01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) &agrave; un courant constant de 50 mA g(-1) (0,2 C). Excellente stabilit&eacute; cyclique est aussi observ&eacute;e &agrave; un taux encore plus &eacute;lev&eacute; de charge-d&eacute;charge. Une haute capacit&eacute; r&eacute;versible de 149 mAh g(-1) aussi peut &ecirc;tre obtenue &agrave; un taux courant de 500 mA g(-1) (2C). La bonne propri&eacute;t&eacute; d&#39;insertion Na-ion est attribu&eacute;e &agrave; la distance de diffusion court dans les HCNWs et la grande distance entre couches (0,37 nm) entre les feuilles graphitiques, qui est d&#39;accord avec la distance interstratifi&eacute;e pr&eacute;vue par les calculs th&eacute;oriques pour permettre l&#39;insertion de Na-ion dans les mat&eacute;riaux de carbone.

Insertion ion de sodium dans les nanofils de carbone creux pour les applications de la batterie.

Hohle Carbon-Nanodr&auml;hte (HCNWs) wurden durch Pyrolyzation der hohlen Polyanilin Nanodraht Vorl&auml;ufer vorbereitet. Die HCNWs als Anode Material f&uuml;r Na-Ionen-Batterien liefern eine hohe reversible Kapazit&auml;t von 251 mAh g(-1) und 82,2 % Kapazit&auml;t Aufbewahrung &uuml;ber 400 Laden-Entladen-Zyklen zwischen 1,2 und 0,01 V (Vs Na(+)/Na) an einen konstanten Strom von 50 mA g(-1) (0,2 C). Ausgezeichneter Radtouren Stabilit&auml;t wird auch mit einer noch h&ouml;heren Laden-Entladen-Rate beobachtet. Eine hohe reversible Kapazit&auml;t von 149 mAh g(-1) erhalten Sie auch zum aktuellen Preis von 500 mA g(-1) (2 C). Die gute Na-Ionen einf&uuml;gen-Eigenschaft ist zur&uuml;ckzuf&uuml;hren auf den kurzen Verbreitung Abstand in der HCNWs und der gro&szlig;e Abstand der Zwischenschicht (0,37 nm) zwischen den graphitischen Bl&auml;tter, dem sich verpflichtet, mit den interlayered Abstand vorausgesagten theoretischen Berechnungen Na-Ionen Einf&uuml;gung in Kohlenstoff-Materialien zu aktivieren.

Natrium-Ionen Einf&uuml;gung in hohlen Kohlenstoff-Nanodr&auml;hte f&uuml;r Batterie-Anwendungen.

Nanofili carbonio Hollow (HCNWs) sono stati preparati attraverso pyrolyzation di un precursore del nanofilo polianilina hollow. HCNWs utilizzati come materiale dell&#39;anodo per batterie agli ioni di Na offrono un&#39;elevata capacit&agrave; reversibile di 251 mAh g(-1) e 82,2% capacit&agrave; ritenzione oltre 400 cicli di carica-scarica tra 1.2 e 0,01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) a una corrente costante di 50 mA g(-1) (0,2 C). Eccellente stabilit&agrave; in bicicletta &egrave; anche osservata ad un tasso ancora pi&ugrave; alto di carica-scarica. Un&#39;elevata capacit&agrave; reversibile di 149 g(-1) mAh anche ottenibile ad un tasso corrente di 500 mA g(-1) (2 C). La buona propriet&agrave; di inserimento dello ione Na &egrave; attribuita a distanza breve diffusione nella HCNWs e la grande distanza intercalare (0,37 nm) tra i fogli di grafite, che concorda con la distanza interlayered prevista dai calcoli teorici per consentire l&#39;inserimento di ioni Na in carbonio materiali.

Inserimento di ioni sodio in carbonio hollow nanofili per le applicazioni della batteria.

&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x70AD;&#x7D20;&#x30CA;&#x30CE;&#x30EF;&#x30A4;&#x30E4;&#x30FC; (HCNWs) &#x3092;&#x901A;&#x3058;&#x3066;&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x30DD;&#x30EA;&#x30A2;&#x30CB;&#x30EA;&#x30F3; &#x30CA;&#x30CE;&#x30EF;&#x30A4;&#x30E4;&#x524D;&#x99C6;&#x4F53;&#x306E; pyrolyzation &#x3092;&#x8ABF;&#x88FD;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;Na &#x30A4;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x96FB;&#x6C60;&#x7528;&#x8CA0;&#x6975;&#x6750;&#x3068;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x308B; HCNWs &#x30EA;&#x30D0;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30D6;&#x30EB;&#x5927;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF; 251 mAh g(-1) &#x3068; 82.2% &#x5BB9;&#x91CF;&#x4FDD;&#x6301;&#x306E;&#x914D;&#x4FE1;&#x4EE5;&#x4E0A; 400 &#x306E;&#x5145;&#x96FB;&#x653E;&#x96FB;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30EB; 0.01 V &#x3068; 1.2 &#x306E;&#x9593; &#xFF08;&#x5B9A;&#x96FB;&#x6D41; 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C) &#x306E;&#x5BFE; Na(+)/Na)&#x3002;&#x512A;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30B5;&#x30A4;&#x30AF;&#x30EA;&#x30F3;&#x30B0;&#x5B89;&#x5B9A;&#x6027;&#x3082;&#x3055;&#x3089;&#x306B;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x5145;&#x96FB;&#x30FB;&#x653E;&#x96FB;&#x7387;&#x3067;&#x89B3;&#x5BDF;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;149 MAh g(-1) &#x9AD8;&#x53EF;&#x9006;&#x5BB9;&#x91CF; 500 mA g(-1) (2 C) &#x306E;&#x73FE;&#x5728;&#x306E;&#x30EC;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x3067;&#x53D6;&#x5F97;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3082;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x826F;&#x3044; Na &#x30A4;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x633F;&#x5165;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30D1;&#x30C6;&#x30A3;&#x3092; HCNWs &#x306E;&#x77ED;&#x3044;&#x62E1;&#x6563;&#x8DDD;&#x96E2;&#x5927;&#x5C64;&#x9593;&#x8DDD;&#x96E2;&#x306B;&#x8D77;&#x56E0; &#xFF08;0.37 nm) &#x9ED2;&#x925B;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30C8;&#x306E;&#x9593;&#x306F;&#x70AD;&#x7D20;&#x6750;&#x6599;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B; Na &#x30A4;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x633F;&#x5165;&#x3092;&#x6709;&#x52B9;&#x306B;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x7406;&#x8AD6;&#x8A08;&#x7B97;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x308B;&#x4E88;&#x6E2C;&#x672C;&#x5CA9;&#x8DDD;&#x96E2;&#x3068;&#x306B;&#x540C;&#x610F;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30CA;&#x30C8;&#x30EA;&#x30A6;&#x30E0; &#x30A4;&#x30AA;&#x30F3;&#x633F;&#x5165;&#x4E2D;&#x7A7A;&#x70AD;&#x7D20;&#x30CA;&#x30CE;&#x30EF;&#x30A4;&#x30E4;&#x30FC; &#x30D0;&#x30C3;&#x30C6;&#x30EA; &#x30A2;&#x30D7;&#x30EA;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B7;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x7528;&#x306B;&#x3002;

&#xC911;&#xACF5; &#xD0C4;&#xC18C; &#xC815; (HCNWs) &#xBE48; &#xD3F4;&#xB9AC;&#xC544;&#xB2D0;&#xB9B0; &#xB098;&#xB178;&#xC640;&#xC774;&#xC5B4; &#xC804;&#xC870;&#xC758; pyrolyzation&#xC744; &#xD1B5;&#xD574; &#xC900;&#xBE44;&#xAC00; &#xB418;&#xC5B4; &#xC788;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. Na &#xC774;&#xC628; &#xBC30;&#xD130;&#xB9AC; &#xC591;&#xADF9; &#xC18C;&#xC7AC;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xB294; HCNWs &#xC81C;&#xACF5; 251 mAh g(-1) 82.2% &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9; &#xBCF4;&#xC874;&#xC758; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xAC00;&#xC5ED; &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9; 400 &#xCDA9;&#xC804;-&#xBC29;&#xC804; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD074; 1.2 0.01 V &#xC0AC;&#xC774; (50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C)&#xC758; &#xC815; &#xC804;&#xB958;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; Na(+)/Na) vs. &#xC6B0;&#xC218;&#xD55C; &#xC0AC;&#xC774;&#xD074;&#xB9C1; &#xC548;&#xC815;&#xC131; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xB354; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xCDA9;&#xC804;-&#xBC29;&#xC804; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xAD00;&#xCC30; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C; 149 mAh g(-1)&#xC758; &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xAC00;&#xC5ED; &#xC6A9;&#xB7C9; 500 mA g(-1) (2 C)&#xC758; &#xD604;&#xC7AC; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xC5BB;&#xC744; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC88B;&#xC740; Na &#xC774;&#xC628; &#xC0BD;&#xC785; &#xC18D;&#xC131;&#xC740; Hcnws&#xC758; &#xC9E7;&#xC740; &#xD655;&#xC0B0; &#xAC70;&#xB9AC;&#xC640; &#xB300;&#xD615; &#xCD19; &#xAC70;&#xB9AC;&#xC5D0; &#xAE30;&#xC778; (0.37 nm) &#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xD30C;&#xC774;&#xD2B8; &#xD615; &#xC2DC;&#xD2B8; &#xC0AC;&#xC774; &#xD0C4;&#xC18C; &#xC7AC;&#xB8CC;&#xC5D0; Na &#xC774;&#xC628; &#xC0BD;&#xC785; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB3C4;&#xB85D; &#xC774;&#xB860;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xACC4;&#xC0B0;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC608;&#xCE21; interlayered &#xAC70;&#xB9AC;&#xC640; &#xD568;&#xAED8; &#xB3D9;&#xC758; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xBC30;&#xD130;&#xB9AC; &#xC751;&#xC6A9; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xADF8;&#xB7A8;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC911;&#xACF5; &#xD0C4;&#xC18C; &#xC815;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB098;&#xD2B8;&#xB968; &#xC774;&#xC628; &#xC0BD;&#xC785;.

Nanocables de carbono hueco (HCNWs) se prepararon a trav&eacute;s de pyrolyzation de un precursor de Nanocable polianilina hueco. Los HCNWs utilizados como material del &aacute;nodo para bater&iacute;as de iones de Na entregan una alta capacidad reversible de 251 mAh g(-1) y retenci&oacute;n de la capacidad de 82.2% m&aacute;s de 400 ciclos de carga y descarga entre 1.2 y 0,01 V (vs Na(+)/Na) en una corriente constante de 50 mA g(-1) (0.2 C). Excelente estabilidad de ciclismo tambi&eacute;n se observa a un ritmo a&uacute;n mayor de carga-descarga. Una alta capacidad reversible de 149 mAh g(-1) tambi&eacute;n puede obtenerse una tasa actual de 500 mA g(-1) (2C). La buena caracter&iacute;stica de inserci&oacute;n Na-ion se atribuye a la distancia de poca difusi&oacute;n en las HCNWs y la gran distancia intermediaria (0.37 nm) entre las hojas de grafito, que coincide con la distancia interlayered predicha por c&aacute;lculos te&oacute;ricos para permitir la inserci&oacute;n de iones Na en materiales carbonosos.

Inserci&oacute;n de iones de sodio en nanohilos de carbono hueco para usos de la bater&iacute;a.

Airborne fly ash from coal combustion may represent a source of bioavailable iron (Fe) in the open ocean. However, few studies have focused on Fe speciation and distribution in coal fly ash. In this study, chemical imaging of fly ash has been performed using a dual-beam focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) system for a better understanding of how simulated atmospheric processing can modify the morphology, chemical composition and element distribution within individual particles. A novel approach has been applied for cross-sectioning fly ash particles with the FIB in order to explore element distribution within the interior of individual particles. Our results indicate that simulated atmospheric processing can cause disintegration of aluminosilicate glass, a dominant material in fly ash particles. Fe present in the inner core of fly ash spheres within the aluminosilicate phase is more easily mobilized compared with Fe oxides present as surface aggregates on the exterior of fly ash spheres. Fe dissolution depends strongly on Fe speciation in fly ash particles. The approach for preparation of a cross-sectioned specimen described here opens up new opportunities for particle microanalysis, particularly with respect to inorganic refractive materials like fly ash and mineral dust.

Chemical imaging analysis of environmental particles using the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy technique: microanalysis insights into atmospheric chemistry of fly ash.

Sodium ion (Na(+)) batteries have attracted increased attention for energy storage due to the natural abundance of sodium, but their development is hindered by poor intercalation property of Na(+) in electrodes. This paper reports a detailed study of high capacity, high rate sodium ion energy storage in functionalized high-surface-area nanocellular carbon foams (NCCF). The energy storage mechanism is surface-driven reactions between Na(+) and oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of NCCF. The surface reaction, rather than a Na(+) bulk intercalation reaction, leads to high rate performance and cycling stability due to the enhanced reaction kinetics and the absence of electrode structure change. The NCCF makes more surface area and surface functional groups available for the Na(+) reaction. It delivers 152 mAh/g capacity at the rate of 0.1 A/g and a capacity retention of 90% for over 1600 cycles.

Surface-driven sodium ion energy storage in nanocellular carbon foams.

Lithium-sulphur batteries have high theoretical energy density and potentially low cost, but significant challenges such as severe capacity degradation prevent its widespread adoption. Here we report a new design of lithium-sulphur battery using electrically connected graphite and lithium metal as a hybrid anode to control undesirable surface reactions on lithium. Lithiated graphite placed in front of the lithium metal functions as an artificial, self-regulated solid electrolyte interface layer to actively control the electrochemical reactions and minimize the deleterious side reactions, leading to significant performance improvements. Lithium-sulphur cells incorporating this hybrid anodes deliver capacities of >800 mAh g(-1) for 400 cycles at a high rate of 1,737 mA g(-1), with only 11% capacity fade and a Coulombic efficiency >99%. This simple hybrid concept may also provide scientific strategies for protecting metal anodes in other energy-storage devices.

Manipulating surface reactions in lithium-sulphur batteries using hybrid anode structures.

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are small membranous tubes of 50-1000 nm diameter observed to connect cells in culture. Transfer of subcellular organelles through TNTs was observed in vitro and in vivo, but the formation and significance of these structures is not well understood. A polydimethylsiloxane biochip-based coculture model was devised to constrain TNT orientation and explore both TNT-formation and TNT-mediated mitochondrial transfer. Two parallel microfluidic channels connected by an array of smaller microchannels enabled localization of stem cell and cardiomyocyte populations while allowing connections to form between them. Stem cells and cardiomyocytes were deposited in their respective microfluidic channels, and stem cell-cardiomyocyte pairs were formed via the microchannels. Formation of TNTs and transfer of stained mitochondria through TNTs was observed by 24 h real-time video recording. The data show that stem cells are 7.7 times more likely to initiate contact by initial extension of filopodia. By 24 h, 67% of nanotube connections through the microchannels are composed of cardiomyocyte membrane. Filopodial extension and retraction by stem cells draws an extension of TNTs from cardiomyocytes. MitoTracker staining shows that unidirectional transfer of mitochondria between stem cell-cardiomyocyte pairs invariably originates from stem cells. Control experiments with cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes show little nanotube formation between homotypic or mixed cell pairs and no mitochondrial transfer. These data identify a novel biological process, unidirectional mitochondrial transfer, mediated by heterotypic TNT connections. This suggests that the enhancement of cardiomyocyte function seen after stem-cell injection may be due to a bioenergetic stimulus provided by mitochondrial transfer.

Article	Year
A soft approach to encapsulate sulfur: polyaniline nanotubes for lithium-sulfur batteries with long cycle life. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)\| PubMed ID: 22278978	2012
Self-assembled TiO2-graphene hybrid nanostructures for enhanced Li-ion insertion. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 19323486	2009
Near-field localization in plasmonic superfocusing: a nanoemitter on a tip. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 20067296	2010
Ternary self-assembly of ordered metal oxide-graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical energy storage. ACS nano\| PubMed ID: 20184383	2010
Determination of electric-field, magnetic-field, and electric-current distributions of infrared optical antennas: a near-field optical vector network analyzer. Physical review letters\| PubMed ID: 21231012	2010
Reversible sodium ion insertion in single crystalline manganese oxide nanowires with long cycle life. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)\| PubMed ID: 21638349	2011
Hierarchically porous graphene as a lithium-air battery electrode. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 21985448	2011
Manganese doping of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: tailoring surface reactivity for a regenerable heavy metal sorbent. Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids\| PubMed ID: 22329500	2012
Dependence of the electron beam energy and types of surface to determine EBSD indexing reliability in yttria-stabilized zirconia. Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada\| PubMed ID: 22336075	2012
Selective metal cation capture by soft anionic metal-organic frameworks via drastic single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformations. Journal of the American Chemical Society\| PubMed ID: 22632161	2012
Sodium ion insertion in hollow carbon nanowires for battery applications. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 22686335	2012
Chemical imaging analysis of environmental particles using the focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy technique: microanalysis insights into atmospheric chemistry of fly ash. The Analyst\| PubMed ID: 23207643	2013
Surface-driven sodium ion energy storage in nanocellular carbon foams. Nano letters\| PubMed ID: 23879207	2013
Manipulating surface reactions in lithium-sulphur batteries using hybrid anode structures. Nature communications\| PubMed ID: 24402522	2014
Biochip-based study of unidirectional mitochondrial transfer from stem cells to myocytes via tunneling nanotubes. Biofabrication\| PubMed ID: 26844857	2016

Laxmikant Saraf

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