simultaneous-transcranial-alternating-current-stimulation-functional

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs ...

University Medicine Goettingen

Leibniz Institute for Primate Research

The impairment of the Trail Making Test (TMT) performance as a measure of executive function deficits has been found both in patients with schizophrenia and in their unaffected first-degree relatives, suggesting that it might be considered as a familial vulnerability marker, but its heritability estimates are not well known. This study investigated the genetic heritability of impairments in TMT performance using a sample of 80 schizophrenia patients, 145 unaffected first-degree relatives and 127 healthy controls from families with multiple members with schizophrenia. Consistent with previous reports in the literature, relatives performed in between healthy controls and schizophrenia patients. Based on these results, a variance component-analysis provided small, but significant additive heritability estimates for performance indices relating performance in TMT-version A to TMT-version B. These results showed that this significant but small evidence of heritability on the one hand suggests an association with genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, but that TMT performance is also associated with epigenetic or environmental factors.

Heritability of Trail Making Test performance in multiplex schizophrenia families: implications for the search for an endophenotype.

Effect of quetiapine treatment on facial emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients.

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&#x7CBE;&#x795E;&#x5206;&#x88C2;&#x75C7;&#x60A3;&#x8005;&#x7684;&#x60C5;&#x7EEA;&#x8868;&#x60C5;&#x8BC6;&#x522B;&#x969C;&#x788D;&#xFF1A; &#x53E4;&#x5DF4;&#x5BB6;&#x65CF;&#x534F;&#x4F1A;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x3002;

It is well established that schizophrenia is associated with difficulties in recognizing facial emotional expressions, but few studies have reported the presence of this deficit among their unaffected relatives. This study attempts to add new evidence of familial association on an emotional expression processing test. The study evaluated the performance of 93 paranoid schizophrenia patients, 110 first-degree relatives of probands from multiplex schizophrenia families, and 109 nonpsychiatric controls on a facial emotional recognition test using a computer morphing technique to present the dynamic expressions. The task entailed the recognition of a set of facial expressions depicting the six basic emotions presented in 21 successive frames of increasing intensity. The findings indicated that schizophrenia patients were consistently impaired for the recognition of the six basic facial expressions. In contrast, their unaffected relatives showed a selective impairment for the recognition of disgust and fearful expressions. Familial association of selective facial emotional expressions processing deficit may further implicate promising new endophenotypes that can advance the understanding of affective deficits in schizophrenia.

Impairment of emotional expression recognition in schizophrenia: a Cuban familial association study.

Il est bien &eacute;tabli que la schizophr&eacute;nie est associ&eacute;e &agrave; des difficult&eacute;s &agrave; reconna&icirc;tre les expressions faciales &eacute;motionnelles, mais peu d&#39;&eacute;tudes ont signal&eacute; la pr&eacute;sence de ce d&eacute;ficit parmi leurs parents pas affect&eacute;es. Cette &eacute;tude tente d&#39;ajouter de nouvelles preuves d&#39;association familiale sur une expression &eacute;motionnelle test de transformation. L&#39;&eacute;tude a &eacute;valu&eacute; le rendement de 93 patients de schizophr&eacute;nie parano&iuml;de, 110 ascendants des proposants de familles multiplex schizophr&eacute;nie et 109 contr&ocirc;les psychiatris&eacute;s sur un test de reconnaissance faciale &eacute;motionnelle en utilisant un ordinateur morphing technique pour pr&eacute;senter les expressions dynamiques. La t&acirc;che a entra&icirc;n&eacute; la reconnaissance d&#39;un ensemble d&#39;expressions faciales, repr&eacute;sentant les six &eacute;motions de base pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es en 21 images successives d&#39;intensit&eacute; croissante. Les r&eacute;sultats indiquent que les patients schizophr&egrave;nes ont &eacute;t&eacute; constamment alt&eacute;r&eacute;es pour la reconnaissance des expressions faciales base six. En revanche, leurs proches n&#39;a montr&eacute; une alt&eacute;ration s&eacute;lective pour la reconnaissance de d&eacute;go&ucirc;t et expressions de la peur. Association familiale s&eacute;lectif expression &eacute;motionnelle faciale, d&eacute;ficit de traitement peut impliquer davantage des endoph&eacute;notypes nouvelles prometteuses qui peuvent faire progresser la compr&eacute;hension des d&eacute;ficits affectifs dans la schizophr&eacute;nie.

Alt&eacute;ration de la reconnaissance des expressions &eacute;motionnelles dans la schizophr&eacute;nie : une &eacute;tude de l&#39;association familiale cubaine.

Es steht fest, dass Schizophrenie verbunden mit Schwierigkeiten ist bei der emotionale Mimik zu erkennen, aber nur wenige Studien das Vorhandensein dieses Defizits unter Angeh&ouml;rigen unber&uuml;hrt berichtet haben. Diese Studie versucht, neue Beweise f&uuml;r famili&auml;re Zusammenhang auf einem emotionalen Ausdruck Verarbeitung Test hinzuzuf&uuml;gen. Die Studie bewertet die Leistung von 93 paranoide Schizophrenie-Patienten, 110 Verwandten ersten Grades von Probanden aus multiplex Schizophrenie Familien und 109 nonpsychiatric Steuerelemente auf eine emotionale Gesichtserkennung-Test mit Hilfe eines Computers Morphen Technik, um die dynamische Ausdr&uuml;cke zu pr&auml;sentieren. Die Aufgabe umfasste die Anerkennung einer Reihe von Mimik, Darstellung der sechs grundlegenden Emotions dargestellt in 21 aufeinander folgenden Frames von zunehmender Intensit&auml;t. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Schizophrenie-Patienten konsequent f&uuml;r die Anerkennung der sechs grundlegenden Mimik beeintr&auml;chtigt waren. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte ihre unber&uuml;hrt Verwandten eine selektive Beeintr&auml;chtigung f&uuml;r die Anerkennung von Ekel und Angst Ausdr&uuml;cken. Famili&auml;re Verband der selektiven emotionale Mimik Verarbeitung Defizit kann weitere vielversprechende neue Endophenotypes implizieren, die das Verst&auml;ndnis der affektiven Defizite in Schizophrenie voranbringen k&ouml;nnen.

Beeintr&auml;chtigung des emotionalen Ausdrucks Anerkennung in der Schizophrenie: eine kubanische famili&auml;re Verein-Studie.

&Egrave; ben consolidata che la schizofrenia &egrave; associata a difficolt&agrave; nel riconoscere le espressioni facciali emotive, ma pochi studi hanno segnalato la presenza di questo deficit tra loro parenti inalterati. Questo studio tenta di aggiungere nuove prove dell&#39;associazione familiare su un&#39;espressione emotiva elaborazione di prova. Lo studio ha valutato le prestazioni di 93 pazienti di schizofrenia paranoide, 110 parenti di primo grado dei probandi da famiglie multiplex schizofrenia e 109 controlli psichiatrica su un test di riconoscimento facciale emotiva utilizzando un computer morphing tecnica per presentare le espressioni dinamiche. L&#39;attivit&agrave; ha comportato il riconoscimento di un set di espressioni facciali che raffigura le sei emozioni fondamentali presentate in 21 fotogrammi successivi di intensit&agrave; crescente. I risultati hanno indicato che i pazienti di schizofrenia erano costantemente alterati per il riconoscimento delle espressioni facciali base sei. In contrasto, loro parenti inalterati ha mostrato una compromissione selettiva per il riconoscimento di espressioni paura e disgusto. Associazione familiare di selettive espressioni facciali emotive, deficit di elaborazione possa implicare ulteriormente endofenotipi nuovo promettente che possono far avanzare la comprensione delle carenze affettive nella schizofrenia.

Compromissione del riconoscimento emotivo espressione nella schizofrenia: uno studio di associazione familiare cubano.

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&#xC815;&#xC2E0; &#xBD84;&#xC5F4; &#xC99D;&#xC758; &#xAC10;&#xC815;&#xC801; &#xC2DD; &#xC778;&#xC2DD;&#xC758; &#xC7A5;&#xC560;: &#xCFE0;&#xBC14; &#xAC00;&#xC871; &#xD611;&#xD68C; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;.

Se encuentra bien establecido que la esquizofrenia se asocia con dificultades en el reconocimiento de expresiones emocionales faciales, pero pocos estudios han reportado la presencia de este d&eacute;ficit entre sus parientes inafectados. Este estudio intenta a&ntilde;adir nuevas evidencias de asociaci&oacute;n familiar en una expresi&oacute;n emocional prueba de procesamiento. El estudio evalu&oacute; el desempe&ntilde;o de 93 pacientes de esquizofrenia paranoide, 110 familiares de primer grado de probands de familias m&uacute;ltiplex esquizofrenia y 109 los controles en una prueba de reconocimiento facial emocional usando una computadora morphing t&eacute;cnica para presentar las expresiones din&aacute;micas. La tarea exigi&oacute; el reconocimiento de un conjunto de expresiones faciales que representan las seis emociones b&aacute;sicas presentadas en 21 fotogramas sucesivos de intensidad creciente. Los resultados indicaron que los pacientes de esquizofrenia eran constantemente para el reconocimiento de las seis expresiones faciales b&aacute;sicas. Por el contrario, sus parientes inafectados demostraron una debilitaci&oacute;n selectiva para el reconocimiento de asco y expresiones de miedo. Asociaci&oacute;n familiar de expresiones emocionales faciales selectivas d&eacute;ficit de procesamiento puede implicar m&aacute;s prometedores nuevos endofenotipos que pueden avanzar en el entendimiento de los d&eacute;ficits afectivos en esquizofrenia.

Deterioro del reconocimiento de la expresi&oacute;n emocional en la esquizofrenia: un estudio de la asociaci&oacute;n familiar cubana.

Effects of quetiapine on executive functioning deficits in schizophrenia: short-term effect.

When our brain is confronted with ambiguous visual stimuli, perception spontaneously alternates between different possible interpretations although the physical stimulus remains the same. Both alpha (8-12 Hz) and gamma (>30 Hz) oscillations have been reported to correlate with such spontaneous perceptual reversals. However, whether these oscillations play a causal role in triggering perceptual switches remains unknown. To address this question, we applied transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the posterior cortex of healthy human participants to boost alpha and gamma oscillations. At the same time, participants were reporting their percepts of an ambiguous structure-from-motion stimulus. We found that tACS in the gamma band (60 Hz) increased the number of spontaneous perceptual reversals, whereas no significant effect was found for tACS in alpha (10 Hz) and higher gamma (80 Hz) frequencies. Our results suggest a mechanistic role of gamma but not alpha oscillations in the resolution of perceptual ambiguity.

Rhythmic gamma stimulation affects bistable perception.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has emerged as a promising tool for manipulating ongoing brain oscillations. While previous studies demonstrated frequency-specific effects of tACS on diverse cognitive functions, its effect on neural activity remains poorly understood. Here we asked how tACS modulates regional fMRI blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal as a function of frequency, current strength, and task condition. TACS was applied over the posterior cortex of healthy human subjects while the BOLD signal was measured during rest or task conditions (visual perception, passive video viewing and motor task). TACS was applied in a blockwise manner at different frequencies (10, 16, 60 and 80 Hz). The strongest tACS effects on BOLD activity were observed with stimulation at alpha (10 Hz) and beta (16 Hz) frequency bands, while effects of tACS at the gamma range were rather modest. Specifically, we found that tACS at 16 Hz induced BOLD activity increase in fronto-parietal areas. Overall, tACS effects varied as a function of frequency and task, and were predominantly seen in regions that were not activated by the task. Also, the modulated regions were poorly predicted by current density modeling studies. Taken together, our results suggest that tACS does not necessarily exert its strongest effects in regions below the electrodes and that region specificity might be achieved with tACS due to varying susceptibility of brain regions to entrain to a given frequency.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation affects the BOLD signal in a frequency and task-dependent manner.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for modulating brain oscillations. Combining tACS with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we recently showed that tACS applied over the occipital cortex did not exert its strongest effect on regions below the electrodes, but mainly on more distant fronto-parietal regions. Theoretically, this effect could be explained by tACS-induced modulation of functional connectivity between directly stimulated areas and more distant but anatomically and functionally connected regions. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the effect of tACS on low frequency fMRI signal fluctuations. We employed simultaneous fMRI-tACS in 20 subjects during resting state (eyes open with central fixation for ~8min). Subjects received tACS at different frequencies (10, 16, 40Hz) and with different electrode montages (Cz-Oz, P5-P6) previously used in behavioral studies. Electric field simulations showed that tACS over Cz-Oz directly stimulates occipital cortex, while tACS over P5-P6 primarily targets parietal cortices. Group-level simulation-based functional connectivity maps for Cz-Oz and P5-P6 resembled the visual and fronto-parietal control resting-state networks, respectively. The effects of tACS were frequency and partly electrode montage dependent. In regions where frequency-dependent effects of tACS were observed, 10 and 40Hz tACS generally induced opposite effects. Most tACS effects on functional connectivity were observed between, as opposed to within, resting-state networks. The left fronto-parietal control network showed the most extensive frequency-dependent modulation in functional connectivity, mainly with occipito-parietal regions, where 10Hz tACS increased and 40Hz tACS decreased correlation values. Taken together, our results show that tACS modulates local spontaneous low frequency fluctuations and their correlations with more distant regions, which should be taken into account when interpreting tACS effects on brain function.

Article	Year
Heritability of Trail Making Test performance in multiplex schizophrenia families: implications for the search for an endophenotype. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 19399358	2009
Effect of quetiapine treatment on facial emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia research\| PubMed ID: 20406719	2010
Impairment of emotional expression recognition in schizophrenia: a Cuban familial association study. Psychiatry research\| PubMed ID: 20580837	2011
Effects of quetiapine on executive functioning deficits in schizophrenia: short-term effect. Schizophrenia research\| PubMed ID: 21382695	2011
Rhythmic gamma stimulation affects bistable perception. Journal of cognitive neuroscience\| PubMed ID: 25603029	2015
Transcranial alternating current stimulation affects the BOLD signal in a frequency and task-dependent manner. Human brain mapping\| PubMed ID: 26503692	2016
Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates spontaneous low frequency fluctuations as measured with fMRI. NeuroImage\| PubMed ID: 27393419	2016

Yuranny Cabral-Calderin

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