Chapter 20
Radical Chemistry
This lesson delves into the geometry of a radical, which is influenced by the electronic structure of the molecule. The principle is similar to that…
Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling…
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be…
The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability.…
Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the…
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical…
In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl…
Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For…
Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an…
The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form…
In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation.…
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy…
Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under…
In organic synthesis, the formation of products can be altered by changing the reaction conditions. For example, a dibromo addition product is…
The addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via an anti-Markovnikov pathway and yields alkyl…
The reaction of hydrogen bromide with alkenes in the presence of hydroperoxides or peroxides proceeds via anti-Markovnikov addition. The radical…
Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the pinacol coupling reaction in 1859. It is a radical dimerization reaction and involves the reductive coupling of…
The radical dimerization of ketones or aldehydes gives vicinal diols through a pinacol coupling reaction. However, the behavior of titanium metals…
Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological…
An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
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Non-thermal atmospheric pressure ('cold') plasmas have received increased attention in recent years due to their significant biomedical…