Chapter 20
The Special Senses
Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into…
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as…
The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a…
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts,…
At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's…
The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that…
Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs…
Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with…
The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals…
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the…
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral…
The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance.…
The ocular micro-dissection of the rodent eye involves the segmentation of the enucleated eyeball with the attached nictitating membrane, or third…
Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
Free SampleFree access at this time
In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson’s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease…
Cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) transmit acoustic signals to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) through ribbon synapses. Several experimental studies…
