Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Summary

Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Because the brains of rats have been very well characterized, voluntarily diving rats may help elucidate the central pathways of the mammalian diving response.

Abstract

Underwater submergence produces autonomic changes that are observed in virtually all diving animals. This reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, a parasympathetically-induced bradycardia and a sympathetically-induced alteration of vascular resistance that maintains blood flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles. While many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the diving response have been studied in marine animals, investigations of the central integrative aspects of this brainstem reflex have been relatively lacking. Because the physiology and neuroanatomy of the rat are well characterized, the rat can be used to help ascertain the central pathways of the mammalian diving response. Detailed instructions are provided on how to train rats to swim and voluntarily dive underwater through a 5 m long Plexiglas maze. Considerations regarding tank design and procedure room requirements are also given. The behavioral training is conducted in such a way as to reduce the stressfulness that could otherwise be associated with forced underwater submergence, thus minimizing activation of central stress pathways. The training procedures are not technically difficult, but they can be time-consuming. Since behavioral training of animals can only provide a model to be used with other experimental techniques, examples of how voluntarily diving rats have been used in conjunction with other physiological and neuroanatomical research techniques, and how the basic training procedures may need to be modified to accommodate these techniques, are also provided. These experiments show that voluntarily diving rats exhibit the same cardiorespiratory changes typically seen in other diving animals. The ease with which rats can be trained to voluntarily dive underwater, and the already available data from rats collected in other neurophysiological studies, makes voluntarily diving rats a good behavioral model to be used in studies investigating the central aspects of the mammalian diving response.

Introduction

The diving response consists of a suite of autonomic reflexes seen in animals of all vertebrate classes ¹. In response to submersion under water, this reflexly-induced response consists of apnea, bradycardia and an alteration of blood flow that maintains flow to the heart, brain and exercising muscles while limiting flow to viscera and non-exercising muscles ². Many of the metabolic and cardiorespiratory aspects of the mammalian diving response have been well investigated ^2,3, including those in humans ^4,5. However, what has been relatively lacking, until recently, is investigation of the central integrative aspects of the d....

Protocol

NOTE: Experimental protocols described herein conducted at Midwestern University were approved by the Midwestern University IACUC.

1. Room Requirements

1. Secure a procedure room that has running hot and cold running water, and a way to remove the water from the tank, typically a drain in the floor.
2. Use a study table on which to place the diving tank. Since rooms with floor drains are typically contoured for drainage, cut down rubber stoppers and place them under the table legs to ensure that the table top, and hence the water surface in the tank, is level.

2. Diving Tank

1. Div....

Results

Successful completion of the described swimming and diving training procedures can decrease the stress experienced by rats when diving under water. Blood corticosterone levels indicate that repetitive daily training decreases the stressfulness associated with voluntary diving, and trained rats find diving no more stressful than being handled daily by a human (Figure 2; ¹⁷). Conversely, rats not trained in the diving protocol find voluntary diving stressful (Figure 2; ¹⁷

Discussion

Rats in their feral form can and do exploit semi-aquatic environments, and will often dive underwater while foraging for food ⁶. Thus it is not too surprising that rats can be very easily trained to voluntarily dive underwater. The described training procedures may last up to 6 weeks, which will bring newly weaned rats to a body size used in most adult rat brain atlases (~300 g). Thus the brains from these trained animals will be more readily comparable to the anatomical structures identified in these atlases........

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
McCulloch Diving Tank Maze	Stoelting Company	60139
1 inch internal diameter tubing	Fisher	14-169-63	Used to fill or drain tank
Plexiglas rodent restraint device (Economy flat bottomed restrainer)	Braintree	FB-M/L	For forced dives
Telemetric transmitters	DSI	Model PA-C40 (270-0040-008)	Used to transmit pulsatile arterial blood pressure
Hand-held antenna wand	DSI	Model RLA 3000 (272-5007)	Used to ensure radio antenna is near to transmitter while rat is negotiating underwater maze
Intramedic PE50, 0.023" ID	Fisher	14-170-12B	Used as trailing arterial cannula
N95 mask - Moldex #2300N Series	Fisher	19-003-246D	Used to limit inhalation of rat allergens