Introduction
在细胞分裂的基因组中的平等隔离需要复制的DNA和纺锤体微管之间的正确交互。与染色体通过蛋白质的合奏组装在当时被称为动粒1丝点微管的物理交互。染色体正确分配要求姐姐动粒是双取向，其中每个姊妹与微管从相对纺锤体极始发相关联。动粒的微管（克拉-MT）附件的未在双取向构象被快速，有效地去稳定提供的机会，以建立biorientation在称为误差校正的处理。以前在哺乳动物细胞中建立了纠错法5要求使用可逆的小分子抑制剂对Eg5的（驱动蛋白5）装配单极纺锤体。药物治疗产生了许多错误syntelic附件，其中机器人^ h姐妹动粒附着于同一主轴极点。药物的后续冲洗允许误差校正处理的可视化。纠错测定可以做的小分子抑制剂或击倒的存在下，研究以校正错误克拉-MT附件候选蛋白的贡献。
可视化在活细胞中的纠错的能力是一个强大的工具，以进一步了解参与这一复杂过程的分子机制。然而，大量存在于大多数细胞系的染色体形成了挑战中观察个体克拉-MT附件。因为它们含有少至4个染色体6，但小分子抑制剂的果蝇S2细胞将是理想的用于施加纠错测定驱动蛋白5如S-三苯甲基-L-半胱氨酸（STLC）和monastrol 7-9不影响在果蝇细胞主轴组件或驱动蛋白5的运动功能。因此，我们属泰德下诱导型启动子也就是驱动蛋白5抑制剂敏感表达人驱动蛋白-5的果蝇S2细胞系。这个协议描述如何拦截内源性果蝇驱动蛋白5同系物，Klp61F，并使用该细胞系中的细胞系的纠错检测。
Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Effectine Transfection Reagent | Qiagen | 301425 | |
| Klp61F cDNA | Drosophila Genomic Resource Center | 13690 | Gene Name LD15641 |
| Schneider’s Media | Invitrogen | 21720-024 | |
| Fetal Bovine Serum, certified | Invitrogen | 10082-147 | Heat Inactivated, US origin |
| Copper(II) Sulfate (CuSO4) | Sigma | C8027-500G | 500 mM stock |
| S-trityl-L-cysteine | Sigma | 164739-5G | 1 mM stock in DMSO |
| Blasticidin HCl | Invitrogen | R21001 | 5 mg/ml stock in 1x PBS |
| Hygromycin B | Invitrogen | 10687010 | |
| T7 Large scale RNA Production System | Promega | P1320 | The approximate dsRNA concentration from each reaction is about 5-15 µg/µl |
| Klp61F RNAi F primer | Invitrogen | TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGTA-TTTGCGCATTATTTTAAAA | |
| Klp61F RNAi R primer | Invitrogen | TAATACGACTCACTATAGGGAT-ATTGATCAATTGAAAC | |
| PCR clean-up kit | Mo Bio Laboratories, Inc | 1250 | |
| Concanavalin A | Sigma | C5275 | 0.5 mg/ml solution made by dissolving in 1x PBS. |
| Boiled Donkey Serum | Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs | 017-000-121 | 5% stock solution in 1x PHEM buffer, bring solution up to boil. Stored in 4 °C. |
| Mounting Media | 20 mM Tris pH 8.0, 0.5% N-propyl gallate, 90% Glycerol. Stored in 4 °C. | ||
| 1x BRB-80 | 80 mM PIPES pH 6.9; 1 mM EGTA; 1 mM MgCl2 | ||
| White Light Source | Lumencor Inc | ||
| ET EGFP Filter Cube | Chroma | 49002 | |
| DSRed Filter Cube | Chroma | 49005 | |
| anti-NDC80 antibody | Custom made by the Maresca Lab | ||
| DM1α (anti-α-tubulin) | Sigma | T6199 | |
| anti-CID antibody | AbCam | ab10887 |
References
- Cheeseman, I. M., Desai, A.
- Maresca, T. J., Salmon, E. D. Welcome to a new kind of tension: translating kinetochore mechanics into a wait-anaphase signal. J Cell Sci. 123, 825-835 (2010).
- Kitajima, T. S., Ohsugi, M., Ellenberg, J. Complete kinetochore tracking reveals error-prone homologous chromosome biorientation in mammalian oocytes. Cell. 146, 568-581 (2011).
- Cimini, D., Wan, X., Hirel, C. B., Salmon, E. D. Aurora kinase promotes turnover of kinetochore microtubules to reduce chromosome segregation errors. Curr Biol. 16, 1711-1718 (2006).
- Lampson, M. A., Renduchitala, K., Khodjakov, A., Kapoor, T. M. Correcting improper chromosome-spindle attachments during cell division. Nat Cell Biol. 6, 232-237 (2004).
- Schneider, I. Cell lines derived from late embryonic stages of Drosophila melanogaster. J Embryol Exp Morphol. 27, 353-365 (1972).
- Learman, S. S., et al. NSC 622124 inhibits human Eg5 and other kinesins via interaction with the conserved microtubule-binding site. Biochemistry. 48, 1754-1762 (2009).
- Liu, L., Parameswaran, S., Liu, J., Kim, S., Wojcik, E. J. Loop 5-directed compounds inhibit chimeric kinesin-5 motors: implications for conserved allosteric mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 286, 6201-6210 (2011).
- Maliga, Z., Mitchison, T. J. Small-molecule and mutational analysis of allosteric Eg5 inhibition by monastrol. BMC Chem Biol. 6, 2 (2006).
- Goshima, G., Vale, R. D. The roles of microtubule-based motor proteins in mitosis: comprehensive RNAi analysis in the Drosophila S2 cell line. J Cell Biol. 162, 1003-1016 (2003).
- Salemi, J. D., McGilvray, P. T., Maresca, T. J. Development of a Drosophila cell-based error correction assay. Front Oncol. 3, 187 (2013).
- Rogers, S. L., Rogers, G. C. Culture of Drosophila S2 cells and their use for RNAi-mediated loss-of-function studies and immunofluorescence microscopy. Nat Protoc. 3, 606-611 (2008).
- Sharp, D. J., Yu, K. R., Sisson, J. C., Sullivan, W., Scholey, J. M. Antagonistic microtubule-sliding motors position mitotic centrosomes in Drosophila early embryos. Nat Cell Biol. 1, 51-54 (1999).
- Kollu, S., Bakhoum, S. F., Compton, D. A. Interplay of microtubule dynamics and sliding during bipolar spindle formation in mammalian cells. Curr Biol. 19, 2108-2113 (2009).
- Doudna, J. A., Charpentier, E. Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 346, 1258096 (2014).
- Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S., Zhang, F. Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering. Cell. 157, 1262-1278 (2014).
- Mali, P., Esvelt, K. M., Church, G. M. Cas9 as a versatile tool for engineering biology. Nat Methods. 10, 957-963 (2013).
