Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Summary

A detailed protocol to analyze object selectivity of parieto-frontal neurons involved in visuomotor transformations is presented.

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined curved surfaces, and images of real-world objects (with and without disparity) in a similar manner as described in the ventral visual stream. In addition, parieto-frontal areas are believed to convert visual object information into appropriate motor outputs, such as the pre-shaping of the hand during grasping. To better characterize object selectivity in the cortical network involved in visuomotor transformations, we provide a battery of tests intended to analyze the visual object selectivity of neurons in parieto-frontal regions.

Introduction

Human and non-human primates share the capacity of performing complex motor actions including object grasping. To successfully perform these tasks, our brain needs to complete the transformation of intrinsic object properties into motor commands. This transformation relies on a sophisticated network of dorsal cortical areas located in parietal and ventral premotor cortex^1,2,3 (Figure 1).

From lesion studies in monkeys and humans^4,5, we know that the dorsal visual stream - ....

Protocol

All technical procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institute of Health's Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and EU Directive 2010/63/EU and were approved by the Ethical Committee of KU Leuven.

1. General Methods for Extracellular Recordings in Awake Behaving Monkeys

1. Train the animals to perform the visual and motor tasks required to address your specific research question. Ensure that the animal is able to flexibly switch between tasks during the same recording session in order to test the neuron extensively and obtain a better understanding of the features driving the neural response (

Results

Figure 5 plots the responses of an example neuron recorded from area F5p tested with four objects: two different shapes -a sphere and a plate- shown in two different sizes (6 and 3 cm). This particular neuron responded not only to the large sphere (optimal stimulus; upper left panel), but also to the large plate (lower left panel). In comparison, the response to the smaller objects was weaker (upper and lower right panels).

Discussion

A comprehensive approach to the study of the dorsal stream requires a careful selection of behavioral tasks and visual tests: visual and grasping paradigms can be employed either combined or separately depending on the specific properties of the region.

In this article, we provide the examples of the neural activity recorded in both AIP and F5p in response to a subset of visual and motor tasks, but very similar responses can be observed in other frontal areas such as area 45B and F5a.

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Grasping robot	GIBAS Universal Robots	UR-6-85-5-A	Robot arm equipped with a gripper
Carousel motor	Siboni	RD066/†20 MV6, 35x23 F02	Motor to be implemented in a custom-made vertical carousel. It allows the rotation of the carousel.
Eye tracker	SR Research	EyeLink II	Infrared camera system sampling at 500 Hz
Filter	Wavetek Rockland	852	Electronic filters perform a variety of signal-processing functions with the purpose of removing a signal's unwanted frequency components.
Preamplifier	BAK ELECTRONICS, INC.	A-1	The Model A-1 allows to reduce input capacity and noise pickup and allows to test impedance for metal micro-electrodes
Electrodes	FHC	UEWLEESE*N4G	Metal microelectrodes (* = Impedance, to be chosen by the researcher)
CRT monitor	Vision Research Graphics	M21L-67S01	The CRT monitor is equipped with a fast-decay P46-phosphor operating at 120 Hz
Ferroelectric liquid crystal shutters	Display Tech	FLC Shutter Panel; LV2500P-OEM	The shutters operate at 60 Hz in front of the monkeys and are synchronized to the vertical retrace of the monitor