Method Article

Evaluation of Hemisphere Lateralization with Bilateral Local Field Potential Recording in Secondary Motor Cortex of Mice

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DOI:

10.3791/59310

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July 31st, 2019

 ,  ,  , 
1School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, 2Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, 3School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University

Corresponding Authors: Li Yang <yang_li@gzhu.edu.cn>

In This Article

Summary

We present in vivo electrophysiological recording of the local field potential (LFP) in bilateral secondary motor cortex (M2) of mice, which can be applied to evaluate hemisphere lateralization. The study revealed altered levels of synchronization between the left and right M2 in APP/PS1 mice compared to WT controls.

Abstract

This article demonstrates complete, detailed procedures for both in vivo bilateral recording and analysis of local field potential (LFP) in the cortical areas of mice, which are useful for evaluating possible laterality deficits, as well as for assessing brain connectivity and coupling of neural network activities in rodents. The pathological mechanisms underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disease, remain largely unknown. Altered brain laterality has been demonstrated in aging people, but whether or not abnormal lateralization is one of the early signs of AD has not been determined. To investigate this, we recorded bilateral LFPs in 3-5-month-old AD model mice, APP/PS1, together with littermate wild type (WT) controls. The LFPs of the left and right secondary motor cortex (M2), specifically in the gamma band, were more synchronized in APP/PS1 mice than in WT controls, suggesting a declined hemispheric asymmetry of bilateral M2 in this AD mouse model. Notably, the recording and data analysis processes are flexible and easy to carry out, and can also be applied to other brain pathways when conducting experiments that focus on neuronal circuits.

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia1,2. Extracellular beta amyloid protein (β-amyloid protein, Aβ) deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the main pathological features of AD3,4,5, but the mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis remain largely unclear. Cerebral cortex, a key structure in cognition and memory, is impaired in AD6, and motor deficits such as slow walking, difficulty navigating the environment and gait disturbances occur with advancing age7. Aβ deposition and neurofibrillary tangles have also been observed in the premotor cortex (PMC) and supplementary motor area (SMA) in AD patients8 and cognitively impacted older adults9, indicating the involvement of an impaired motor system in AD pathogenesis.

The brain is formed by two distinct cerebral hemispheres that are divided by a longitudinal fissure. A healthy brain exhibits both structural and functional asymmetries10, which is called "lateralization", allowing the brain to efficiently deal with multiple tasks and activities. Aging results in a deterioration in cognition and locomotion, together with a reduction in brain laterality11,12. The motor abilities of the left hemisphere are readily apparent in the healthy brain13, but in the AD brain aberrant laterality occurs as a consequence of the failure of left hemisphere dominance associated with left cortical atrophy14,15,16. Therefore, an understanding of a possible alteration of brain lateralization in AD pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and lead to identification of potential biomarkers for treatment.

Electrophysiological measurement is a sensitive and effective method of evaluating changes in the neuronal activities of animals. The reduction of hemispheric asymmetry in elders (HAROLD)17 has been documented by electrophysiological research with synchronized interhemispheric transfer time, which shows weakening or absence of hemispheric asymmetry to monaurally presented speech stimuli in the elderly18. Utilizing APP/PS1, one of the most commonly used AD mouse models19,20,21,22, in combination with in vivo bilateral extracellular recording of LFPs in both left and right M2, we evaluated possible laterality deficits in AD. In addition, with simple parameter settings, the built-in function of data analysis software (see the Table of Materials) provides a faster and more straightforward way to analyze the synchronization of electrical signals than mathematically complex programming language, which is friendly to beginners with in vivo electrophysiology.

Protocol

All animals were paired-housed under standard conditions (12 h light/dark, constant temperature environment, free access to food and water) according to the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology Laboratory Animals Guidelines and experiments were approved by the local ethical committee of Guangzhou University. This is a non-survival procedure. 

NOTE: For data shown in the representative results, APP/PS1 (B6C3-Tg (APPswe, PSEN1dE9) 85Dbo/J) double-transgenic mice and littermate wild-type (WT) controls at 3-5 months of age, were used for recordings (n = 10, per group).

1. Animal anesthesia and surgery

  1. Weigh and anesthetize the mouse by your approved anesthesia regimen from your local animal care committee. 
  2. Perform a tail or toe pinch with forceps to confirm deep anesthesia prior to surgery.
  3. Position the mouse in a stereotaxic apparatus and fix its head.
  4. Apply eye ointment on both eyes to keep moist. Follow your local animal care guidelines regarding pre- and postoperative analgesia. 
  5. Shave the hair using surgical clippers. Make a small incision (12-15 mm) in the middle of the exposed surgical area with scissors. Using forceps, gently pull the scalp away from the midline.
  6. Separate the skin gently and remove residual tissue. Clean the skull using hydrogen peroxide-coated cotton buds.
  7. Drill two small holes of radii 1.0-1.5 mm on both left and right sides of the skull to allow insertion of the recording microelectrodes into the M2 regions under a stereomicroscope (Figure 1A).
    NOTE: Stereotaxic locations of bilateral M2: 1.94 mm anterior to the bregma, 1.0 mm lateral to the midline, and 0.8-1.1 mm ventral to the dura.
  8. Remove the dura mater carefully with a tungsten needle.
  9. Pull glass borosilicate micropipettes (outer diameter: 1.0 mm) as recording microelectrodes with resistance of 1-2 MΩ.
  10. Insert two separate recording microelectrodes filled with 0.5 M NaCl into the holes using mechanical micromanipulators (at 60°, Figure 1B).

2. LFP recordings in bilateral M2 of mice

  1. Lower the left and right glass electrodes slowly into appropriate coordinates of bilateral M2 (Figure 1C).
  2. For quality control, test the resistance of each electrode using the differential amplifier before capturing LFPs.
  3. Set the recording process at 0.1 Hz high-pass and 1,000 Hz low-pass with 1,000x amplification.
  4. Collect digitized raw LFP data of at least 60 s spontaneous activities in stable state, with mice breathing evenly at a respiratory rate of 2 breaths per second under anesthesia.
  5. After recording, slowly raise the electrodes out of the brain, then euthanize the mice by fast cervical dislocation.
  6. Save the data and analyze offline.

3. Cross-correlation analysis

  1. Click Analysis - Waveform correlation in the analysis software and import the data.
  2. Parameter settings
    1. Define one waveform channel signal as the first channel and the other as the reference. Set width as 2 and offset as 1 (Figure 2A).
    2. Set the duration of both LFPs for 100 s by selecting the start time and end time. Press the Process button to perform cross-correlation analysis (Figure 2B).
      NOTE: Simultaneous bilateral signals with such durations would be long enough to show neuronal spontaneous activities, thereby revealing the basic properties of synchronization.
  3. Click File - Export As, then save the cross-correlation results corresponding to the resulting pop-up chart in .txt format.
  4. Open the .txt file (Figure 2C), remove the correlation values at time lags ranged 0 ± 0.01 s (since two continuous gamma waves have at least 0.01 s interval), then average the rest of the cross-correlation data in the negative time lag part or average the rest of the cross-correlation data in the positive time lag part.

4. Coherence analysis

  1. Import and run the data in the analysis software.
  2. Assign the two LFP signals to be the first and second waveform channels separately. Then set the block size value (Figure 3A).
    NOTE: Block size means the number of data points used in the FFT. The larger the block size, the better the frequency resolution. Here we recommend setting it as 4096.
  3. Move the dotted lines manually to ensure the time accuracy for signals in both channels are being set as the same period (Figure 3B). Press the Add Area button to load the area and perform coherence analysis.
  4. Click File - Save As to save the coherence results corresponding to the resulting pop-up chart in .txt format (Figure 3B).

Results

To see whether early AD pathology impairs the capacity of hemisphere lateralization, we conducted bilateral extracellular LFP recordings in the left and right M2 of APP/PS1 mice and WT controls (aged 3-5 months), and analyzed the cross-correlation of these left and right LFPs. In WT mice, the results demonstrated that the mean correlation between left and right LFPs at positive time lags differed significantly from that at negative time lags, implicating the existence of hemispheric asymmetries in M2 areas of WT controls (Figure 4C; WT-positive, 0.08161 ± 0.01246; WT-negative, 0.0206 ± 0.01218; p = 4.74531E-4 < 0.001 by a two sample t-test). In comparison, the left and right LFPs of APP/PS1 mice showed higher synchronized in time domain, suggesting a reduction of asymmetry between the left and right M2 (Figure 4C; APP/PS1-positive, 0.13336 ± 0.0105 APP/PS1-negative, 0.12635 ± 0.01066; p = 0.64157 > 0.05 by a two sample t-test).

We then filtered gamma oscillations from the LFPs (Figure 5A) and performed a coherence analysis as described in the protocol to measure the similarity of electrical signals in the gamma frequency range. The result showed that the gamma coherence between left and right M2 in APP/PS1 was significantly higher than that in WT mice (Figure 5B,C; WT, 0.13267 ± 0.00598; APP/PS1, 0.17078 ± 0.0072; p = 0.00550 < 0.01 by two sample t-test), indicating a higher synchronization, and consequently reduced lateralization, between left and right M2 in APP/PS1 mice.

Mouse in stereotaxic device for brain surgery; diagram inset shows target brain area M2.
Figure 1: Diagram of the simultaneous LFP recording procedure. (A) Stereotaxic mouse with skull exposed and dura mater removed for in vivo bilateral recording of LFPs in left and right M2. (B) Two glass microelectrodes in touch with the cortical surface in the hole drilled simultaneously. (C) Recording microelectrodes along with the Ag/AgCl wires as reference electrodes positioned at appropriate sites. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Spike analysis software interface; waveform display, processing output graph, data tables.
Figure 2: Illustration of cross-correlation analysis. (A) Settings for the waveform correlation dialog box. This provides options for choosing which waveform channel is the reference and for analyzing the correlation of two signals. (B) The process dialog box. This provides options for setting the time length of the reference waveform and the duration of another waveform will be appended. The analysis is only done for regions of data in which both waveform channels exist. (C) Example .txt file with values of cross-correlation at negative and positive time lag ranges separately for statistics. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Coherence analysis graphs; spectral data processing; Spike2 software interface and parameter settings.
Figure 3: Illustration of coherence analysis. (A) Parameter settings for the coherence dialog box. The block size determines the number of data points used in the analysis, and the frequency resolution. (B) The dotted lines are adjustable for operator to move manually in order to set the duration of signals for analyzing. (C) After the software has created a chart, click File - Save As to save the coherence results as a file with a .txt filename extension . Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Cross-correlation graph and bar chart of WT vs. APP/PS1 raw trace analysis; neuroscience data.
Figure 4: Cross-correlation indicates the declined hemisphere lateralization between left and right M2 of APP/PS1 mice. (A) Representative raw traces of LFPs recorded simultaneously in bilateral M2 of WT and APP/PS1 mice using extracellular recording method (L: left M2; R: right M2). (B) The cross correlation curve shows correlation of bilateral LFP signals at different time lags. (C) Between left and right M2, WT controls showed significantly higher cross-correlation value at positive time lag ranges than negative ones. In contrast, the cross-correlation value of APP/PS1 mice has a similarity, indicating a decline of asymmetry (n = 10, per group). Value represents mean ± standard error of the mean. ***p < 0.001; two sample t-test. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Gamma oscillation analysis; ΔV recordings; coherence graphs; WT vs. APP/PS1; neurological study.
Figure 5: Coherence of gamma oscillations between left and right M2 of WT and APP/PS1 mice. (A) Representative traces of gamma oscillations filtered from LFPs in left and right M2. (B) Coherence distribution between LFPs simultaneously recorded in bilateral M2. APP/PS1 mice differ largely from WT controls in gamma frequency range. (C) The coherence between gamma oscillations of bilateral M2 in
APP/PS1 mice are significantly higher than WT controls (n = 10, per group). Value represents mean ± standard error of the mean. **, p < 0.01; two sample t-test. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Discussion

We report here the procedure for in vivo bilateral extracellular recording, along with analyzing the synchronization of dual-region LFP signals, which is both flexible and easy to conduct for estimating brain hemisphere lateralization, as well as the connectivity, directionality or coupling between neural activities of two brain areas. This can be widely used to reveal not only group-neuronal activities, but also some basic properties of interregional electrophysiology, especially for labs which are interested in screening oscillatory activities or labs which do not have systems for multi-channel recording in behaving animals23.

In general, a series of techniques are available to monitor brain activities, including electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Such methods have relatively lower temporal and spatial resolution in comparison with our presented recordings. For example, EEG is one of the oldest and most commercially available instruments for investigating extracellular activity of the brain. Although there are studies using "high density" EEG in freely moving rodents to improve the insufficient spatial resolution24,25,26, the skull always generates more noise and thus reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of cortical gamma oscillation, especially for small-sized mice. Our method with glass microelectrodes would be a good choice to prevent researchers from that "distorting noise" since microelectrodes could be inserted into the brain structure directly. Moreover, the recording glass pipettes used here are inexpensive, highly maneuverable, and can be applied to explore deeper brain areas not limited to cortical areas.

Close attention should be paid to the following. First, it is mandatory to carry out anesthesia strictly based on the body weight, and to test the depth of anesthesia hourly. This is because the physiological state of the mouse plays an important role in the quality of the LFP recorded, and any movement of the referencing sites caused by, e.g., sudden awakening of the animal, could generate background electrophysiological noise that would depreciate the availability. Second, because microelectrode resistance varies with the shape and diameter of the glass pipette tip, the heating must be carefully adjusted within the range for appropriate impedance when pulling microelectrodes. As described earlier in the protocol section, we found that the electrodes with impedance ranging from 1 to 2 MΩ captured high qualitied cortical oscillatory activities.

Gamma oscillations reflect the neuronal synchronization of different brain regions when animals are engaged in learning or stimulation-cued tasks27,28,29. The synchronization of gamma-band modulates excitation rapidly to activate postsynaptic neurons effectively30. It is worth noting that although the gamma oscillation was defined in the present study as oscillatory activity with frequency in the range 25-80 Hz as shown by several groups28,31,32, there are studies that describe 30-70 Hz as low gamma and 70-100 Hz as high gamma33,34,35. Regardless of the definition, the principles for data analysis remain similar. In signal processing, cross-correlation is used for determining the time delay between electrical signals of two brain regions36. For signals under stimulation conditions, the durations selected for cross-correlation analysis could be shorter37.

Though there are limitations in the use of LFP recording for the evaluation of neural activities; for instance, it can neither distinguish between pre- and post-synaptic activities nor detect resting membrane potentials of the neurons recorded23, the approach introduced here serves as a useful tool for the measurement of activities of a group of neurons from different brain areas of mice, allowing the investigation of brain-area functional connectivity and the coupling of electrical signals before and after drug infusion.

Several explanations have been proposed for the emergence of hemispheric asymmetry, e.g., asymmetry enhances an individual's ability to perform two different tasks at the same time38; or asymmetry increases neural capacity, avoiding unnecessary duplication of neural networks39; or two different cognitive processes may be more readily performed simultaneously if they are lateralized to different hemispheres40. Hemisphere lateralization is assumed to provide cognitive advantages, but it changes with age12,41. Neuroimaging studies have shown consistently that prefrontal activation tends to be less lateralized in older adults than in younger individuals42,43. AD patients with early unilateral or bilateral pathological changes develop brain abnormalities, including lateralization associating with forgetfulness, slow responses to sound stimulation and cognitive decline11,44. We observed, in the present study, a disrupted level of hemisphere lateralization between left and right M2 of APP/PS1 mice at 3-5 months, which is the period when such mice do not aggregate apparent deposition of beta amyloid plaques45,46, implying that toxicity induced by soluble beta amyloid oligomers may contribute, at least in part, to aberrant cortical hemisphere lateralization, which could accelerate brain deterioration in AD pathogenesis16,47.

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31771219, 31871170), the Science and Technology Division of Guangdong (2013KJCX0054), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2014A030313418, 2014A030313440).

Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
AC/DC Differential AmplifierA-M SystemsModel 3000
Analog Digital converterCambridge Electronic Design Ltd.Micro1401
Glass borosilicate micropipettesNanjing spring teaching experimental equipment company161230Outer diameter: 1.0mm
Microelectrode pullerNarishigePC-10
NaClGuangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory7647-14-5
Pin microelectrode holderWorld Precision Instruments, INC.MEH3SW10
Spike2 Cambridge Electronic Design Ltd.
StereomicroscopeZeiss435064-9020-000
Stereotaxic apparatus RWD Life Science68045
UrethaneSigma-Aldrich94300

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