Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Summary

Here, we present a method utilizing two-dimensional gas chromatography and nitrogen chemiluminescence detection (GCxGC-NCD) to extensively characterize the different classes of nitrogen-containing compounds in diesel and jet fuels.

Abstract

Certain nitrogen-containing compounds can contribute to fuel instability during storage. Hence, detection and characterization of these compounds is crucial. There are significant challenges to overcome when measuring trace compounds in a complex matrix such as fuels. Background interferences and matrix effects can create limitations to routine analytical instrumentation, such as GC-MS. In order to facilitate specific and quantitative measurements of trace nitrogen compounds in fuels, a nitrogen-specific detector is ideal. In this method, a nitrogen chemiluminescence detector (NCD) is used to detect nitrogen compounds in fuels. NCD utilizes a nitrogen-specific reaction that does not involve the hydrocarbon background. Two-dimensional (GCxGC) gas chromatography is a powerful characterization technique as it provides superior separation capabilities to one-dimensional gas chromatography methods. When GCxGC is paired with a NCD, the problematic nitrogen compounds found in fuels can be extensively characterized without background interference. The method presented in this manuscript details the process for measuring different nitrogen-containing compound classes in fuels with little sample preparation. Overall, this GCxGC-NCD method has been shown to be a valuable tool to enhance the understanding of the chemical composition of nitrogen-containing compounds in fuels and their impact on fuel stability. The % RSD for this method is <5% for intraday and <10% for interday analyses; the LOD is 1.7 ppm and the LOQ is 5.5 ppm.

Introduction

Before use, fuels undergo extensive quality assurance and specification testing by refineries to verify that the fuel they are producing will not fail or cause equipment problems once disseminated. These specification tests include flash point verification, freeze point, storage stability, and many more. The storage stability tests are important as they determine if the fuels have a tendency to undergo degradation during storage, resulting in the formation of gums or particulates. There have been incidences in the past when F-76 diesel fuels have failed during storage even though they passed all specification tests¹. These failures resulted in ....

Protocol

CAUTION: Please consult relevant safety data sheets (SDS) of all compounds before use. Appropriate safety practices are recommended. All work should be performed while wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, lab coat, long pants, and closed-toed shoes. All standard and sample preparations should be done in a ventilated hood.

1. Preparation of standards

1. Prepare a 5,000 mg/kg (ppm) solution of carbazole (calibration standard, minimum of 98% purity) by placing 0.050 g in a vial and bring the total mass of each solution to 10.000 g with isopropyl alcohol. Cap the vial immediately to prevent loss of isop....

Results

The nitrogen-containing compound, carbazole, was used in this method as the calibration standard. Carbazole elutes at approximately 33 min from the primary column and at 2 s from the secondary column. These elution times will vary slightly depending on the exact column length and instrumentation. In order to obtain a proper calibration curve and, subsequently, good quantitation of nitrogen compounds within a sample, the calibration peaks should not be overloaded nor have any nitrogen cont.......

Discussion

The purpose of this method is to provide detailed information on the nitrogen content of diesel and jet fuels without extensive sample preparation such as liquid extractions. This is achieved by pairing a two dimensional GC system (GCxGC) with a nitrogen-specific detector (nitrogen chemiluminescence detector, NCD). The GCxGC provides significant separation of the compounds relative to traditional one-dimensional GC. The NCD provides trace nitrogen compound detection without any background interferences. Other nitrogen-sp.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10 µL syringe	Agilent		gold series
180 µm x 0.18 µm Secondary Column	Restek	Rxi-1MS	nonpolar phase column, crossbond dimethyl polysiloxane
250 µm x 0.25 µm Primary Column	Restek	Rxi-17SilMS	midpolarity phase column
Autosampler tray and tower	Agilent	7963A
Carbazole	Sigma	C5132	98%
Diethylaniline	Aldrich	185898	≥ 99%
Dimethylindole	Aldrich	D166006	97%
Duel Loop Thermal Modulator	Zoex Corporation	ZX-1
Ethylcarbazole	Aldrich	E16600	97%
Gas chromatograph	Agilent	7890B
GC vials	Restek	21142
GCImage Software, Version 2.6	Zoex Corporation
Indole	Aldrich	13408	≥ 99%
Isopropyl Alcohol	Fisher Scientific	A461-500	Purity 99.9%
Methylaniline	Aldrich	236233	≥ 99%
Methylquinoline	Aldrich	382493	99%
Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detector	Agilent	8255
Pyridine	Sigma-Aldrich	270970	anhydrous, 99.8%
Quinoline	Aldrich	241571	98%
Trimethylamine	Sigma-Aldrich	243205	anhydrous, ≥ 99%