Name: Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine (Video) | JoVE Journal
Uploaded: 2015-12-04T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 59 s
Description: Learn nasal wipe collection for influenza A virus surveillance in swine using a low-stress alternative to nasal swabs. This simple method requires minimal restraint and enhances participation in veterinary surveillance programs.

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5 minutes

This work has been funded in part with federal funds from the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. HHSN272201400006C.

All swine used in the collection of the following data were protected under The Ohio State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (animal use protocol number 2009A0134-R1).
1. Preparation of Viral Transport Medium and Sample Collection Vials
<ol>
	<li>Add 37 g of Brain Heart Infusion to 900 ml of purified water and mix thoroughly with a stir bar and magnetic stirrer while heating to 70 &#176;C to completely dissolve the powder.</li>
	<li>Autoclave the broth at 121 &#176;C for 15 min. Cool on the bench top until the broth reaches room temperature. Refrigerate at 4 &#176;C overnight if needed.</li>
	<li>Dissolve, by mixing with a magnetic stir bar, 6.02 g of Penicillin G sodium salt and 10 g of streptomycin sulfate into 50 ml of purified water at room temperature. Add additional purified water to bring the total volume to 100 ml. Filter the solution through a 0.22 &#181;m polyethersulfone membrane into a sterile bottle.</li>
	<li>Aseptically add the filtered penicillin and streptomycin solution into the cooled Brain Heart Infusion Broth and mix thoroughly (stir bar or swirl flask by hand) to make the viral transport medium.</li>
	<li>Aseptically test the pH of the viral transport medium; if needed, adjust the pH to 7.4 &#177; 0.2 using HCl or NaOH.</li>
	<li>Perform quality assurance testing on the viral transport medium by testing for influenza A virus matrix protein by rRT-PCR, as described by Zhang and Harmon.22</li>
	<li>Dispense 5 ml of the viral transport medium into sterile high-density polyethylene bottles with 8 ml capacity. Label the vials for use in the field.</li>
	<li>Store the ready-to-use vials in standard cryo-boxes at -20 &#176;C until sample collection.</li>
</ol>
2. Collection of Nasal Wipes from Swine
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the appropriate number of vials immediately prior to sample collection; one vial will be needed per pig sampled. Thawing at room temperature takes approximately 30-45 min. Keep the thawed vials cool on ice packs until use.</li>
	<li>Don appropriate personal protective equipment as dictated by the situation (e.g. coveralls, boot covers, respirator, ear plugs, etc.).</li>
	<li>Enter the animal area. If needed, confine the pig to a small area but do no restrain. Do not rouse resting animals.</li>
	<li>Put on a pair of disposable exam gloves. Take care not to contaminate the gloves by touching pigs, people, or inanimate objects.</li>
	<li>Use a gloved hand to remove a sterile 5.08 cm &#215; 5.08 cm (2 in. &#215; 2 in.) cotton gauze pad from its wrapper. Sterile gauze pads should be used whenever possible. Individually wrapped gauze pads are more convenient to use than those wrapped with two gauze pads per package.</li>
	<li>Hold the cotton gauze pad with the fingertips of one hand exposing as much of the pad as possible for sampling.</li>
	<li>Wipe the gauze pad across the pig&#8217;s snout, taking extra care to enter the external nares if possible. Collect visible nasal secretions (approximately 1 ml) with the same gauze pad.</li>
	<li>Using the same hand, fold the gauze pad upon itself to facilitate placement in the vial containing viral transport medium.</li>
	<li>Using the other hand, remove the cap from the vial and place the folded gauze pad into the vial. Recap the vial and shake the vial to ensure the mixing of the gauze pad and viral transport medium.</li>
	<li>Remove the gloves and place in an appropriate receptacle. Change gloves between each pig.</li>
	<li>Verify the vial identifier. Record pig identification number, age, sex, clinical signs, and other notes deemed necessary by investigator.</li>
	<li>Chill the samples immediately after collection. Consider making aliquots of the sample before freezing to prevent multiple freeze-thaw cycles. As soon as possible after collection, place the samples on dry ice for transportation to the laboratory. Store the vials at -80 &#176;C until testing is initiated.</li>
</ol>
3. Detection of Influenza A Virus Nucleic Acid&#160;
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the samples in a 37 &#176;C dry bead bath for 5 min and then finish thawing the samples on the bench top at room temperature for 20-30 min. The simultaneous addition of several vials to the beads will cause the bath to heat; caution should be exercised as to not overheat the vials.</li>
	<li>Remove 100 &#181;l of viral transport medium for RNA extraction.
	<ol>
		<li>Use a high-throughput (96 well plate format) magnetic bead&#160;platform for extracting RNA from a large number of samples.31</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Use real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for the rapid detection influenza A virus.31</li>
</ol>
4. Isolation of Influenza A Virus from Nasal Wipes
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the samples as described above in Section 3.1</li>
	<li>Treat thawed samples with gentamicin sulfate (1,000 &#956;g/ml), amphotericin B (22.5 &#956;g/ml), and kanamycin sulfate (325 &#956;g/ml).</li>
	<li>Inoculate into Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells as described previously.32</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Ma, W., Kahn, R. E., Richt, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+pig+as+a+mixing+vessel+for+influenza+viruses%3A+Human+and+veterinary+implications%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Mol.+Genet.+Med%22%5BJournal%5D)">The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: Human and veterinary implications.</a> J. Mol. Genet. Med. 3 (1), 158-166 (2008).</li>
<li>Nelson, M. I., Vincent, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Reverse+zoonosis+of+influenza+to+swine%3A+new+perspectives+on+the+human-animal+interface%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Trends+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface.</a> Trends Microbiol. 23, (2015).</li>
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<li>Corzo, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Active+Surveillance+for+Influenza+A+Virus+among+Swine%2C+Midwestern+United+States%2C+2009-2011%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Active Surveillance for Influenza A Virus among Swine, Midwestern United States, 2009-2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 19 (6), 954-960 (2013).</li>
<li>Lorusso, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Genetic+and+antigenic+characterization+of+H1+influenza+viruses+from+United+States+swine+from+2008%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Gen.+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Genetic and antigenic characterization of H1 influenza viruses from United States swine from 2008.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 92 (Pt 4), 919-930 (2011).</li>
<li>Loving, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficacy+in+pigs+of+inactivated+and+live+attenuated+influenza+virus+vaccines+against+infection+and+transmission+of+an+emerging+H3N2+similar+to+the+2011-2012+H3N2v%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Virol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficacy in pigs of inactivated and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines against infection and transmission of an emerging H3N2 similar to the 2011-2012 H3N2v.</a> J. Virol. 87 (17), 9895-9903 (2013).</li>
<li>Vincent, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficacy+of+inactivated+swine+influenza+virus+vaccines+against+the+2009+A%2FH1N1+influenza+virus+in+pigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Vaccine%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficacy of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccines against the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza virus in pigs.</a> Vaccine. 28 (15), 2782-2787 (2010).</li>
<li>Smith, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Origins+and+evolutionary+genomics+of+the+2009+swine-origin+H1N1+influenza+A+epidemic%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nature%22%5BJournal%5D)">Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic.</a> Nature. 459 (7250), 1122-1125 (2009).</li>
<li>Vijaykrishna, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Reassortment+of+Pandemic+H1N1%2F2009+Influenza+A+Virus+in+Swine%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Reassortment of Pandemic H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus in Swine.</a> Science. 328 (5985), 1529(2010).</li>
<li>Ducatez, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Multiple+Reassortment+between+Pandemic+%28H1N1%29+2009+and+Endemic+Influenza+Viruses+in+Pigs%2C+United+States%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Multiple Reassortment between Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Endemic Influenza Viruses in Pigs, United States.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17 (9), 1624-1629 (2011).</li>
<li>Jhung, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Outbreak+of+variant+influenza+A%28H3N2%29+virus+in+the+United+States%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Clin.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus in the United States.</a> Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 (12), 1703-1712 (2013).</li>
<li>Vincent, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Characterization+of+an+influenza+A+virus+isolated+from+pigs+during+an+outbreak+of+respiratory+disease+in+swine+and+people+during+a+county+fair+in+the+United+States%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Vet.+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Characterization of an influenza A virus isolated from pigs during an outbreak of respiratory disease in swine and people during a county fair in the United States.</a> Vet. Microbiol. 137 (1-2), 51-59 (2009).</li>
<li>Killian, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Simultaneous+Infection+of+Pigs+and+People+with+Triple-Reassortant+Swine+Influenza+Virus+H1N1+at+a+U.S.+County+Fair%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Zoonoses+Public+Health%22%5BJournal%5D)">Simultaneous Infection of Pigs and People with Triple-Reassortant Swine Influenza Virus H1N1 at a U.S. County Fair.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. 60 (3), 196-201 (2013).</li>
<li>Wong, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Outbreak+of+influenza+A+%28H3N2%29+variant+virus+infection+among+attendees+of+an+agricultural+fair%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+USA%2C+2011%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Outbreak of influenza A (H3N2) variant virus infection among attendees of an agricultural fair, Pennsylvania, USA, 2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (12), 1937-1944 (2011).</li>
<li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Molecular+evidence+for+interspecies+transmission+of+H3N2pM%2FH3N2v+influenza+A+viruses+at+an+Ohio+agricultural+fair%2C+July+2012%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Microbes.+Infect%22%5BJournal%5D)">Molecular evidence for interspecies transmission of H3N2pM/H3N2v influenza A viruses at an Ohio agricultural fair, July 2012.</a> Emerg. Microbes. Infect. 1 (10), e33(2012).</li>
<li>Wells, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Swine+influenza+virus+infections.+Transmission+from+ill+pigs+to+humans+at+a+Wisconsin+agricultural+fair+and+subsequent+probable+person-to-person+transmission%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22JAMA%22%5BJournal%5D)">Swine influenza virus infections. Transmission from ill pigs to humans at a Wisconsin agricultural fair and subsequent probable person-to-person transmission.</a> JAMA. 265 (4), 478-481 (1991).</li>
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<li>Bowman, A. S., Nolting, J. M., Nelson, S. W., Slemons, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Subclinical+influenza+virus+A+infections+in+pigs+exhibited+at+agricultural+fairs%2C+Ohio%2C+USA%2C+2009-2011%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Subclinical influenza virus A infections in pigs exhibited at agricultural fairs, Ohio, USA, 2009-2011.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (12), 1945-1950 (2012).</li>
<li>Gray, G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Influenza+A%28H1N1%29pdm09+Virus+among+Healthy+Show+Pigs%2C+United+States%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Emerg.+Infect.+Dis%22%5BJournal%5D)">Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus among Healthy Show Pigs, United States.</a> Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18 (9), 1519-1521 (2012).</li>
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<li>Sheldon, C. C., Sonsthagen, T., Topel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aSheldon%2C+CC+%22Animal+Restraint+for+Veterinary+Professionals%22">Animal Restraint for Veterinary Professionals</a>. , Mosby. (2006).</li>
<li>Detmer, S. E., Patnayak, D. P., Jiang, Y., Gramer, M. R., Goyal, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detection+of+Influenza+A+virus+in+porcine+oral+fluid+samples%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Vet.+Diagn.+Invest%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detection of Influenza A virus in porcine oral fluid samples.</a> J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23 (2), 241-247 (2011).</li>
<li>Goodell, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Probability+of+detecting+influenza+A+virus+subtypes+H1N1+and+H3N2+in+individual+pig+nasal+swabs+and+pen-based+oral+fluid+specimens+over+time%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Vet.+Microbiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Probability of detecting influenza A virus subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 in individual pig nasal swabs and pen-based oral fluid specimens over time.</a> Vet. Microbiol. 166 (3-4), 3-4 (2013).</li>
<li>Romagosa, A., Gramer, M., Joo, H. S., Torremorell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Sensitivity+of+oral+fluids+for+detecting+influenza+A+virus+in+populations+of+vaccinated+and+non-vaccinated+pigs%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Influenza+Other+Respir.+Viruses%22%5BJournal%5D)">Sensitivity of oral fluids for detecting influenza A virus in populations of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs.</a> Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 6 (2), 110-118 (2012).</li>
<li>Edwards, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Utility+of+snout+wipe+samples+for+influenza+A+virus+surveillance+in+exhibition+swine+populations%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Influenza+Other+Respir.+Viruses%22%5BJournal%5D)">Utility of snout wipe samples for influenza A virus surveillance in exhibition swine populations.</a> Influenza Other Respir. Viruses. 8 (5), 574-579 (2014).</li>
<li>Zhang, J., Harmon, K. M. Ch. 23, RNA extraction from swine samples and detection of influenza A virus in swine by real-time RT-PCR. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aZhang%2C+J+%22Animal+Influenza+Virus%22">Animal Influenza Virus</a>. Spackman, E. , Methods in Molecular Biology; 1161. 277-293 (2014).</li>
<li>Zhang, J., Gauger, P. C. Ch. 22, Isolation of swine influenza virus in cell cultures and embryonated chicken eggs. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aZhang%2C+J+%22Animal+Influenza+Virus%22">Animal Influenza Virus</a>. Spackman, E. , Methods in Molecular Biology; 1161. 265-276 (2014).</li>
<li>Bowman, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+Inability+to+Screen+Exhibition+Swine+for+Influenza+A+Virus+Using+Body+Temperature%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Zoonoses+Public+Health%22%5BJournal%5D)">The Inability to Screen Exhibition Swine for Influenza A Virus Using Body Temperature.</a> Zoonoses Public Health. , (2015).</li>
<li>Prickett, J. R., Kim, W., Simer, R., Yoon, K. J., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oral-fluid+samples+for+surveillance+of+commercial+growing+pigs+for+porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+and+porcine+circovirus+type+2+infections%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Swine+Health+Prod%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oral-fluid samples for surveillance of commercial growing pigs for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 infections.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 16 (2), 86-91 (2008).</li>
<li>Prickett, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Detection+of+Porcine+reproductive+and+respiratory+syndrome+virus+infection+in+porcine+oral+fluid+samples%3A+a+longitudinal+study+under+experimental+conditions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Vet.+Diagn.+Invest%22%5BJournal%5D)">Detection of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in porcine oral fluid samples: a longitudinal study under experimental conditions.</a> J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 20 (2), 156-163 (2008).</li>
<li>Pepin, B., Liu, F. F., Main, R., Ramirez, A., Zimmerman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Collection+of+oral+fluid+from+individually+housed+sows%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J.+Swine+Health+Prod%22%5BJournal%5D)">Collection of oral fluid from individually housed sows.</a> J. Swine Health Prod. 23 (1), 35-37 (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Collecting samples from pigs using polyester-tipped nasal swabs has proven useful in conducting IAV surveillance; however, the use of the nasal swab procedure hinders surveillance efforts due to the required use of a snare for restraint. Nasal wipes represent a refinement of current swine sampling techniques to minimize stress on people and pigs during sample collection. While the method has been developed for and validated in exhibition swine settings, it can be easily applied to other situations where ante-mortem detec...

Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause respiratory disease in many species, including domestic birds, swine, and humans. Due to reassortment of the segmented IAV genome rapid viral evolution can occur and new IAV strains frequently emerge. Swine are a species that can serve as a mixing vessel for reassortment of IAVs from multiple host species.1 There are currently three major subtypes of IAV commonly circulating among North American swine (H1N1, H1N2, H3N2), but multiple IAV introductions from humans have led to extensive IAV diversity within those subtypes.2 Rapid evolution of IAVs infecting swine has been evident since 1998 when a triple reassortant IAV containing gene segments from human, avian and swine viruses3 became widespread among pigs in the United States.4 The internal gene segments from that triple reassortant IAV remain highly prevalent among IAVs currently infecting swine.5
Worldwide, IAV is a significant cause of respiratory disease in swine in which typical clinical signs include fever, anorexia, lethargy, coughing, labored breathing, sneezing, nasal discharge and poor weight gain. IAV can be particularly costly to sow farms where reproductive failure due to IAV induced fever and weak-born piglets have been documented.6,7 Within the United States, IAV is commonly detected in commercial swine herds and the extensive antigenic and genomic diversity and continuing evolution among IAV infecting swine has hampered control of this virus.8-11
Public health concerns about the emergence of a pandemic IAV strain resulting from reassortment in swine were realized in 2009 when a swine-lineage IAV containing gene segments from the triple-reassortant North American swine lineage and the Eurasian avian-like swine lineage caused a worldwide pandemic in humans.12 The pandemic virus (A (H1N1)pdm09) has since reassorted with endemic swine IAV strains13,14 and some of these newly reassorted strains have been transmitted back to humans.15 The frequency of reassortment events and emergence of new IAV strains with pandemic potential makes active surveillance of circulating IAV viruses in swine imperative, especially at the swine-human interface.
The swine-human interface is important for bi-directional interspecies transmission of IAV. Human-to-swine transmission occurring in commercial swine production is responsible for a large amount of IAV diversity currently present in the swine population. Agricultural fairs are the largest settings for the comingling of people and swine in the United States and are known sites for the zoonotic transmission of IAV.15-21 In 2012, during the outbreak of a variant H3N2 IAV, 93% of cases reported attendance at an agricultural fair in the days prior to onset of disease.15 Genomic analysis of viral isolates from exhibition pigs compared with human isolates confirmed zoonotic transmission.21 Exhibition swine infected with IAV often do not show clinical signs of illness,21-23 indicating the need for direct diagnostic tests.
Sampling of visibly ill pigs alone will not successfully identify IAV prevalence in swine and cannot be relied on to identify new strains of IAV emerging among swine. Active surveillance is absolutely necessary for detection of emerging strains of IAV in swine and to assess their threat for both swine and public health. Most IAV surveillance activities are voluntary and therefore minimally disruptive methods are needed. The three major ante-mortem sample collection procedures for IAV infecting swine are: nasal swabs, oral fluids, and nasal wipes. Current recommendations for sampling individual swine to detect IAV list the insertion of synthetic-fiber tipped swabs into the nostrils as the preferred method to gather nasal secretions and epithelial cells.24,25 Because pigs may try to avoid this procedure, a team of trained personnel must restrain pigs either manually or with a snare depending on the size of the animal.26 The restraint process is laborious for the personnel, and stressful for the pigs. Additionally, exhibition swine are often involved in multiple competitions at a fair so the perception of added stress on a competition animal can make owners resistant to the surveillance efforts.
With probabilities of IAV detection ranging from 80-100% in IAV infected herds, oral fluids have become a popular alternative to nasal swabs for the molecular detection of IAV in populations of swine.27,28 Additionally, oral fluids may provide a wider window of IAV detection than nasal swabs following initial infection. However, IAV isolation from oral fluids has been problematic with only 50% of virus isolation attempts resulting in IAV recovery.29
Using nasal wipes in lieu of nasal swabs during IAV surveillance in swine overcomes the limitations described above. Nasal wipes do not require the use of a restraining snare and can be performed without stressing the animals or witnesses of the procedure. Minimal technical training is needed to collect nasal wipes, which allows non-veterinary professionals, including swine owners, to collect the surveillance samples. Nasal wipes were previously compared to nasal swabs for the detection and isolation of influenza A virus30 and the detailed protocol for this non-invasive method of sampling is described below.

<table><tbody><tr><td>BBL Brain Heart Infusion</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>211059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin G Sodium Salt</td><td>MP Biomedicals, LLC</td><td>021194537</td><td>1500 u/mg</td></tr><tr><td>Streptomycin Sulfate</td><td>AMRESCO LLC</td><td>0382</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin Solution</td><td>Mediatech, Inc.</td><td>30-005-CR</td><td>50 mg/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Amphotericin B Solution</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S 24 25</td><td>250 ug/ml</td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin Sulfate</td><td>Teknova</td><td>K2105</td><td>5000 ug/ml</td></tr><tr><td>TPP Rapid Filtermax System</td><td>TPP Techno Plastic Products AG&amp;nbsp;</td><td>99150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nalgen Diagnostic Bottles</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>342002-9025</td><td>HDPE with white PP closure</td></tr><tr><td>Dermacea Gauze Sponge, 8 ply</td><td>Covidien</td><td>441211</td><td>5.08 cm &amp;times; 5.08 cm (2 in. &amp;times; 2 in)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrile Exam Gloves</td><td>Saftey Choice</td><td>19-170-010 (A-D)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

nasal wipes for influenza a virus detection and isolation from swine

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and new strains are continually emerging. Swine are able to be infected by diverse lineages of influenza A virus making them important hosts for the emergence and maintenance of novel influenza A virus strains. Sampling pigs in diverse settings such as commercial swine farms, agricultural fairs, and live animal markets is important to provide a comprehensive view of currently circulating IAV strains. The current gold-standard ante-mortem sampling technique (i.e. collection of nasal swabs) is labor intensive because it requires physical restraint of the pigs. Nasal wipes involve rubbing a piece of fabric across the snout of the pig with minimal to no restraint of the animal. The nasal wipe procedure is simple to perform and does not require personnel with professional veterinary or animal handling training. While slightly less sensitive than nasal swabs, virus detection and isolation rates are adequate to make nasal wipes a viable alternative for sampling individual pigs when low stress sampling methods are required. The proceeding protocol outlines the steps needed to collect a viable nasal wipe from an individual pig.

Successful use of this method yields rRT-PCR results that, accompanied with the use of an internal control during RNA extraction and rRT-PCR, show samples did not contain PCR inhibitors from any environmental debris picked up during sampling. After sample inoculation, virus isolation wells should be free of visible environmental debris from the sample. There is reasonable agreement between rRT-PCR results and virus isolation results with the understanding that PCR often yields a higher IAV positive rate than virus isolat...

The authors present a protocol to collect swine nasal wipes to detect and isolate influenza A viruses.

Surveillance for influenza A viruses in swine is critical to human and animal health because influenza A virus rapidly evolves in swine populations and ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to collect nasal wipes from pigs for influenza, A virus surveillance, providing a low stress alternative to nasal swabs. This method can enhance surveillance and provide insights into the strains of influenza. A virus circulate among swine because it is simple to perform and does not require specialized training.The main advantage of this technique is that the samples for diagnostic testing can be collected from individual animals with minimal restraint. The implications of this technique extend toward improving participation in influenza A virus surveillance programs, because a slow stress method is more appealing to swine owners. Though this method was originally developed to use with exhibition swine, it can be applied for virus surveillance and commercial swine farms, agricultural affairs, and live animal markets.To begin first dissolve 37 grams of brain heart infusion, or BHI powder in 900 milliliters of purified water. Stir the solution at 70 degrees Celsius to dissolve the powder, completely autoclave the broth for 15 minutes in a liquid cycle, and then allow it to cool. Next dissolve 6.02 grams of penicillin, G, sodium salt, and 10 grams of streptomycin sulfate in 100 milliliters of purified water at room temperature inside the hood.Filter the antibiotic solution through a 0.22 micron polyether cell phone membrane into a sterile bottle. Add all 100 milliliters of this solution to the 900 milliliters of BHI. Broth and mix well test the pH of the medium and adjust it to between 7.2 and 7.6 with concentrated sterile HCL or sodium hydroxide if required, perform a PCR assay with primer specific for influenza, A virus as described in the text protocol to make sure that the medium is free of any viral genetic material.Dispense five milliliters of the viral transport medium into eight milliliter sterile polyethylene vials. Freeze the vials at minus 20 degrees Celsius in cryo boxes until sample collection. To prepare for sample collection, thaw an appropriate number of the transportation vials on ice.One tube per pig. Transport the tubes and chilled ice packed containers prior to exposure to the animals. Wear biosafety level two personal protective equipment, including coverall, respirator, earplugs, and boot covers.Enter the pen and confine the pig to a small area without restraining it. Using a gloved hand, remove a sterile gauze pad from its wrapper, holding the pad with only the fingertips. Wipe it across the pig's snout and external nares with as much pad surface as possible.Collect approximately one milliliter of the nasal secretions. When wiping the snout, attempt to enter the external nares with the gauze pad and collect all visible nasal secretions. Then fold the gauze pad with the same hand.And after opening the cap of the vial with the other uncontaminated hand carefully insert the folded pad inside of the vial. Recap the vial without contaminating the surface. Next, shake the vial so that the gauze is completely submerged in the liquid medium.Label each vial with the animal identifier and to make sure that all necessary information for identification and description of the animal subject is correctly filled in. Remove the contaminated glove and then place the vial in its receptacle inside of the tilt container. Since the protocol requires the gauze pad to be held in hand, it is imperative to change gloves in between each sample to reduce contamination, the sample collector must also take care to avoid contaminating the gauze pad by touching animals or objects, Aliquot the samples if necessary, and then place them on dry ice as soon as possible After collection.Store the vials at minus 80 degrees Celsius for the identification and isolation of influenza. In the collected samples. Follow the steps as indicated in the text protocol comparison of the number of pigs that were positive and negative for the identification of influenza virus using quantitative real-time.PCR showed that 235 samples were positive for influenza when samples were collected by snout, wipes, or nasal swabs. 282 samples were negative for the virus using both collection methods. Only 36 samples showed different results demonstrating a high degree of concordance between both collection methods.The following table shows the number of pigs found positive and negative for influenza virus. When influenza was cultured from snout, wipes, or nasal swabs. A high degree of correlation was also found using influenza culture.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to collect nasal wipes from swine for influenza A virus testing.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

This method describes the use of Infrared dye based imaging system for detection of H1N1 in bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of infected mice at a high sensitivity. This methodology can be performed in a 96- or 384-well plate, requires &lt;10 μl volume of test material and has the potential for concurrent screening of multiple pathogens.

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Source: Wang, M., et al, Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates intranasal infection of a mouse with a pathogenic influenza virus to establish a respiratory tract infection. The procedure outlines the administration of the virus into the nasal cavity. The virus enters host cells, replicates, and activates the immune system.

Intranasal Infection of a Mouse with a Pathogenic Influenza Virus

The video demonstrates an assay for quantifying influenza viruses A and B. This assay employs nicking endonuclease amplification with influenza-specific primers and target detection using molecular beacon probes.

A Molecular-Based Assay for Quantifying Influenza A and B Viruses

We describe a rapid, molecular-based Influenza A and B assay. The Influenza assay detects each target within 15 min by employing isothermal amplification with influenza-specific primers followed by target detection with molecular beacon probes. The Influenza A and B assay is user-friendly and required minimal hands-on time to perform.

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

This study describes an imaging-based micro-neutralization assay to analyze the antigenic relationships between viruses. The protocol employs a flatbed scanner and has four steps, including titration, titration quantitation, neutralization, and neutralization quantitation. The assay works well with current circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B viruses.

Optimization of a Quantitative Micro-neutralization Assay

We describe the use of a phenotypic fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay to assess the susceptibility of influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor class of antivirals.

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

The present protocol describes a novel method for avoiding blood contamination in murine nasal lavage fluid (NLF). Since this method ensures the NLF collection without blood contamination, it allows for more accurate detections of immunological components and various respiratory pathogens.

Murine Nasal Lavage Fluid Collection without Blood Contamination

This protocol provides instructions for intranasal administration of IAV and downstream analysis of mouse lung damage and associated transcriptional changes to lung cell types.

Modeling Dysplastic and Functional Lung Alveolar Repair after Influenza Infection

Learn nasal wipe collection for influenza A virus surveillance in swine using a low-stress alternative to nasal swabs. This simple method requires minimal restraint and enhances participation in veterinary surveillance programs.

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

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