Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">كروماتوغرافيا الصباغ النباتية وأقراص الأوراق العائمة في الفراغ
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "شرائط الكروماتوغرافيا (شريط 18 × 3-4 سم)">شرائط الكروماتوغرافيا (شريط 18 × 3-4 سم)</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient" data-value = "مذيب كروماتوغرافيا (90٪ أثير بترول و 10٪ أسيتون ، 10 مل)">مذيب كروماتوغرافيا (90٪ أثير بترولي و 10٪ أسيتون ، 10 مل)</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "50" >50</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = "mL" > مل</span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "منظفات الأنابيب" >منظفات الأنابيب</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "المحاقن البلاستيكية التي تستخدم لمرة واحدة (20 مل)">المحاقن البلاستيكية التي تستخدم لمرة واحدة (20 مل)</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "المبلغ" قيمة البيانات = "10" >10</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "مشابك الورق" > مشابك الورق</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "المبلغ" قيمة البيانات = "10" >10</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient" data-value = "Petridish" >Petridish </div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "أكواب بلاستيكية / زجاجية (400 مل)">أكواب بلاستيكية / زجاجية (400 مل)</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "15" >15</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "ثقب ثقب" >ثقب </div> ثقب
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient" قيمة البيانات = "المسطرة" >المسطرة</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient" data-value = "علامة دائمة" >علامة دائمة</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = "ingredient" data-value = "قلم رصاص" >قلم</div> رصاص
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "5" >5</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = ""></span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "صابون أطباق سائل Dawn (1 زجاجة)">صابون أطباق سائل Dawn (1 زجاجة)</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "amount" data-value = "1" >1</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = "لكل محطة" > لكل محطة</span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<div class = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "أوراق السبانخ" >أوراق السبانخ </div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "المبلغ" قيمة البيانات = "-1" >-1</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = "يعتمد على حجم المختبر ">يعتمد على حجم المختبر </span>
								</div>
							<li</li> data-lab-item = "1">
								<فئة div = قيمة بيانات "المكونات" = "بيكربونات الصوديوم / صودا الخبز" >بيكربونات الصوديوم / صودا الخبز</div>
								<div class = "كمية المكونات">
									<span class = "المبلغ" قيمة البيانات = "-1" >-1</span>
									<span class = "unit" data-value = "يعتمد على حجم المختبر ">يعتمد على حجم المختبر </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

تمثيل ضوئي

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">كروماتوغرافيا الصباغ النباتية وأقراص الأوراق العائمة في الفراغ
<button class="expand">قم بتوسيع </button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step"> في اليوم السابق للتجربة ، املأ وعاءا بالماء.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">ضع أوراق السبانخ في الماء وتأكد من غمرها.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">اترك أوراق السبانخ لتنقع طوال الليل في درجة حرارة الغرفة.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">ارتداء القفازات وإعداد وقياس أقسام 18 سم × 304 سم من ورق الكروماتوغرافيا.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">قم بإعداد محلول بيكربونات للتجربة الثانية عن طريق الجمع بين 0.25 جم من NaHCO3 مع 300 مل من الماء. أضف رشة واحدة من صابون الأطباق إلى المحلول واخلطها برفق.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">إذا كان المحلول لا يزال رغويا ، أضف المزيد من البيكربونات.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">للحصول على محلول التحكم ، امزج 300 مل من الماء مع رشة واحدة من صابون الأطباق. تخلط بلطف وحاول تجنب رغوة الصابون
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">قبل بدء التجربة مباشرة ، حدد عددا قليلا من أوراق السبانخ ذات النعومة والسمك المماثل بدون الكثير من الأوردة الكبيرة.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">استخدم ثقب لإنشاء 20 قرصا موحدا من الأوراق لكل طالب أو مجموعة.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">ما هو التمثيل الضوئي؟ </h4><p>عملية التمثيل الضوئي هي تحويل ضوء الشمس إلى طاقة قابلة للاستخدام وقابلة للتخزين. تستخدم الكائنات ذاتية التغذية (مثل النباتات) ثاني أكسيد الكربون والماء والطاقة التي يتم تسخيرها من ضوء الشمس لتوليد الجلوكوز والأكسجين من خلال عملية التمثيل الضوئي ، وبالتالي توفير مصدر طاقة رئيسي في شبكة الغذاء.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">كيف تسخر النباتات الطاقة من الشمس؟ </h4><p>تنتج النباتات أصباغ ، مثل الكلوروفيل التي تسمح لها بامتصاص ال...

كروماتوغرافيا الصباغ النباتية وأقراص الأوراق العائمة في الفراغ
توسيعفي اليوم السابق للتجربة ، املأ وعاءا بالماء.
ضع السبانخ ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

علم الأحياء

Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية

Lab Manual Sub Articles

المواد الفرعية لدليل المختبر

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>هل تساءلت يوما عن سبب تغير أوراق الخريف كل شيء على الأشجار من الأخضر إلى ظلال الأصفر والبرتقالي والأحمر؟ ما الذي يعطي الأوراق ألوانها الزاهية في المقام الأول؟ تكمن الإجابة في العضيات النباتية التي تسمى البلاستيدات الخضراء والتي تحتوي على أصباغ تمتص أطوال موجية معينة في ضوء الشمس وتعكس أطوال موجية أخرى. صبغة واحدة معينة ، الكلوروفيل ، هي الأكثر وفرة في الصيف. يمتص الأطوال الموجية عالية الطاقة والأرجواني والأزرق والأحمر من أشعة الشمس ، ويعكس الأطوال الموجية الخضراء مما يعطي الأوراق مظهرها الأخضر. هناك أصباغ أخرى في الأوراق ، مثل الكاروتينات ، والتي تعكس الضوء الأحمر والأصفر. في الخريف تتوقف الأوراق عن تجديد أصباغها. نظرا لأن الكلوروفيل يتحلل بشكل أسرع من الأصباغ الأخرى ، فإن ألوان هذه الكاروتينات مكشوفة. </p><p>يمكن إثبات وجود أصباغ مختلفة في ورقة خضراء باستخدام ورق الكروماتوغرافيا ، وهو بوليمر محب للماء يفصل الجزيئات بناء على قابليتها للذوبان في مذيب معين. أولا ، يتم تحميل مستخلص الأوراق على الورق. عندما يتم غمس الورق في مذيب عضوي كاره للماء ، ينتقل المذيب على طول الورق بسبب العمل الشعري وعلى طول الطريق يفصل أصباغ مختلفة في مستخلص الأوراق. يتم نقل الأصباغ الأكثر كارهة للماء إلى أعلى الورقة. في حين أن الأصباغ المحبة للماء ترتبط بالسليلوز الذي يعيق حركتها. بعد فرز جميع الأصباغ حسب كرهتها للماء ، يمكننا حساب عامل الاستبقاء أو قيم الترددات اللاسلكية. قيمة الترددات اللاسلكية هي نسبة المسافة التي تقطعها الصبغة إلى المسافة التي يقطعها المذيب. كل صبغة لها قيمة RF فريدة ويمكننا بسهولة تحديد الأصباغ من خلال مقارنة القيم المحسوبة بالمعايير. يتم إجراء عملية التمثيل الضوئي ، وهي العملية التي تقوم بها النباتات بتحويل ثاني أكسيد الكربون والماء والطاقة الضوئية إلى طاقة كيميائية وأكسجين ، بشكل أساسي في أوراق النبات ، ويلعب الكلوروفيل دورا مهما في هذه العملية. تحتوي البلاستيدات الخضراء على العشرات من جزيئات الكلوروفيل ، كل منها يؤدي مهمة محددة ويتفاعل بطرق معقدة. في النهاية ، تتسبب الطاقة الضوئية في تخلي جزيئات الكلوروفيل عن الإلكترونات التي تستخدم في عمليات التمثيل الغذائي الأخرى. لذلك ، يحتاج الكلوروفيل إلى إمداد مستمر من الإلكترونات لتحل محل الإلكترونات التي يفقدها. تأتي هذه الإلكترونات البديلة من تقسيم جزيئات الماء إلى بروتونات وإلكترونات وجزيئات أكسجين. بمعدلات عالية من عملية التمثيل الضوئي ، يتم تقسيم الماء بشكل أسرع لتجديد الإلكترونات ويتم توليد الأكسجين بسرعة. </p><p>تساعدنا هذه الظاهرة على تقييم معدل عملية التمثيل الضوئي في المختبر ببساطة عن طريق تعليق أقراص الأوراق في محلول بيكربونات حيث يعمل البيكربونات كمصدر غني للكربون. في بداية تجربة قرص الأوراق ، يتم إجبار الغازات على الخروج من أقراص الأوراق عن طريق تطبيق ضغط سلبي بفراغ في حقنة. تصبح أقراص الأوراق مع طردها أثقل وتغرق في قاع محلول البيكربونات عند نقلها إلى دورق عندما يحدث التمثيل الضوئي ، يتم تقسيم الماء في البيئة من أجل تجديد إلكترونات الكلوروفيل. الأكسجين الناتج يجعل الأقراص أخف وزنا مما يجعلها تطفو على السطح بمرور الوقت. تحتوي البيئات التي تسمح بمعدلات أعلى من عملية التمثيل الضوئي على أقراص تطفو بشكل أسرع. </p><p>في هذا المختبر ، ستقوم أولا بفصل وتحديد الأصباغ في أوراق السبانخ باستخدام ورق الكروماتوغرافيا. ثم ستقوم بتقييم معدل عملية التمثيل الضوئي في الماء وفي محلول البيكربونات من خلال تجربة قرص الأوراق. </p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

ذاتي التغذية

تعتمد جميع الكائنات الحية على الأرض تقريبا على عملية التمثيل الضوئي ، وهي العملية التي تحول طاقة ضوء الشمس إلى سكر بسيط يسمى ...

اختبر فهمك لـ تمثيل ضوئي مع هذا الاختبار التقييمي في Biology على JoVE Lab Manual. يغطي المفاهيم الأساسية من خلال أسئلة قائمة على الفيديو مصممة لتقييم تعلم الطالب.

تمثيل ضوئي في Biology - اختبار التقييم | JoVE Lab Manual

اتبع إجراءات تمثيل ضوئي خطوة بخطوة في فيديو بروتوكول الطالب هذا لمدة 8 دقيقة. جزء من مجموعة Biology على JoVE Lab Manual.

بروتوكول الطالب لـ تمثيل ضوئي في Biology - أكثر من 32K مشاهدة | JoVE Lab Manual

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Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, ...

Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

The activation energy (or free energy of activation), abbreviated as Ea, is the small amount of energy input necessary for all chemical reactions to ...

Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of biochemical reactions. Scientists monitor the reaction rates for a particular enzymatic reaction at various substrate ...

Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from ...

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at ...

introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple &#34;lock-and-key&#34; fashion. This model stated that the enzyme ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

Learning Objectives

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Lab Prep

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