Name: nuclear dna and cell control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:03.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.3

The Nucleus

النواة سمة بارزة من خلايا حقيقية النواة هو عضية محددة الغشاء التي تضم المعلومات الوراثية والحمض النووي التي يتم تنظيمها بشكل مختلف اعتماداًعلى مرحلة دورة حياة الخلية. على سبيل المثال مجمعات بروتين الحمض النووي المعروف باسم الكروماتين مع وقف التنفيذ في جبلة النواة مادة تشبه الهلام وتتركز بشكل خاص في منطقة تسمى النواة. عندما لا تنقسم الخلية ألياف الكروماتين مرتبة بشكل فضفاض وتشبه السلاسل المتشابكة السماح لتسهيل الوصول إلى الحمض النووي أثناء النسخ.في المقابل عندما تكون الخلية على وشك الانقسام يتم ضغط ألياف الكروماتين في الكروموسومات. النواة هي أيضا حيث وحدات فرعية من الريبوسومات الهياكل اللازمة للترجمة مصنوعة. يحيط بالنواة هو مغلف النووي الغشاء المزدوج يحتوي على مسام البروتين للسيطرة على تدفق الأيونات والجزيئات وأجزاء الريبوسوم والمرسول RNA بين النواة الداخلية والسيتوبلازم.في حين أن معظم الخلايا في الجسم لديها نواة واحدة البعض مثل خلايا الدم الحمراء غير منزوعة النواة. أنها تفتقر إلى نواة. في حين أن الأخرين مثل خلايا العضلات والهيكل العظمي متعددة النواة مع أكثر من نواة واحدة بسبب الاحتياجات الهيكلية والوظيفية.

بيدرسون ، ثورو. "مقدمة النواة". وجهات نظر كولد سبرينج هاربور في علم الأحياء 3 ، العدد 5 (مايو 2011). [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000521" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]
قوه ، تونغتونغ ، ويودا فانغ. "التنظيم الوظيفي وديناميكيات نواة الخلية". الحدود في علوم النبات 5 (12 أغسطس 2014). [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00378" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]

النواة

النواة عبارة عن عضية محاطة بغشاء تحتوي على تعليمات وراثية لكائن حقيقي النواة في شكل الحمض النووي الصبغي. وهذا يختلف عن الحمض النووي في الميتوكوندريا أو البلاستيدات الخضراء التي تؤدي وظائف خاصة بتلك العضيات. في حين أن بعض الخلايا _ مثل خلايا الدم الحمراء _ ليس لديها نواة ، والبعض الآخر _ مثل خلايا العضلات والهيكل العظمي _ لها نوى متعددة ، فإن معظم الخلايا حقيقية النواة لها نواة واحدة.

يتم لف الحمض النووي في النواة حول البروتينات مثل الهستونات ، مما يؤدي إلى تكوين مركب بروتيني خاص بالحمض النووي يسمى الكروماتين. عندما لا تنقسم الخلايا _ أي عندما تكون في جزء الطور البيني من دورة الخلية _ يتم تنظيم الكروماتين بشكل منتشر. يتيح ذلك سهولة الوصول إلى الحمض النووي أثناء عملية النسخ عندما يتم تصنيع الحمض النووي الريبي المرسال (mRNA) بناءً على كود الحمض النووي. عندما تكون خلية حقيقية النواة على وشك الانقسام ، يتكثف الكروماتين بإحكام إلى كروموسومات خطية مميزة. البشر لديهم ٤٦ كروموسوم في المجموع.

تركز الكروماتين بشكل خاص في منطقة من النواة تسمى النُويّة. النويّة مهمة لإنتاج الريبوسومات ، التي تترجم الحمض النووي الريبي المرسال إلى بروتين. في النويّة ، يتم تصنيع الحمض النووي الريبي الريبوزي ودمجه مع البروتينات لإنشاء وحدات فرعية ريبوسومية ، والتي تشكل لاحقاً ريبوسومات عاملة في سيتوبلازم الخلية.

يمتلئ الجزء الداخلي من النواة بمادة شبيهة بالهلام تسمى بلازما النواة. غشاء مزدوج _ يتكون من طبقتين من الدهون _ يسمى الغلاف النووي يحيط بالنواة. فتحات صغيرة مبطنة بالبروتين ، تسمى المسام ، تنتشر في الغلاف النووي ، وتتحكم في المواد التي يمكن أن تدخل النواة وتغادرها. على سبيل المثال ، تسمح المسام لمركب الحمض النووي الريبي المرسال بمغادرة النواة ، حتى يمكنه الانتقال إلى الريبوسومات لتوجيه ترجمة البروتين.

النواة عبارة عن عضية مرتبطة بالغشاء تعمل كمركز تحكم في خلية حقيقية النواة. يحتوي على الحمض النووي الكروموسومي الذي يتحكم في التعبير الجيني ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Cellular Processes

العمليات الخلوية

Cell Structure and Function

تركيب الخلية ووظائفها

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

nuclear dna and cell control

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell.

Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated.

Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a DNA-protein complex. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged. This open form makes the DNA easier to access during transcription.

When a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, chromatin changes shape. It condenses into distinct, linear chromosomes. These chromosomes can then be separated into daughter cells.

The nucleus also contains the nucleolus. This is a membrane-less organelle that forms around the chromosomal loci for ribosomal RNA, or rRNA. The nucleolus is the site where rRNA is made and ribosomal subunits are assembled. These subunits leave the nucleus and later combine to form functional ribosomes.

Other nuclear bodies are found in the nucleus as well. These include Cajal bodies, speckles, and paraspeckles. They help organize the nuclear space and create separate sites for specific biological reactions. Their membrane-less structure also allows contents to move more easily with the nucleoplasm.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

what are cells?

Cell Membrane, DNA, and Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, from a bacterium made of one cell to a human made of trillions. Even though organisms can differ greatly, their cells share key features that support life. A cell has a plasma membrane, which is a lipid bilayer that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment. It also contains DNA, the genetic material that carries instructions for the cell. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

cell size

Why Cell Size Is Limited

Cell size is limited by surface area and diffusion. Cells vary widely in size, both between organisms and within the same organism. Bacterial cells are usually 1 to 10 micrometers wide, and the smallest bacteria can be 0.1 micrometers in diameter. That is about a thousand times smaller than most eukaryotic cells, which are typically 10 to 100 micrometers across. A cell takes in nutrients and water through diffusion across the plasma membrane or through channels in the membrane. The membrane...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

Cell Organelles and Microenvironments

Eukaryotic cells use membrane-bound organelles to keep cell processes organized. The nucleus and mitochondria are two key examples. Because biological membranes are selectively permeable, they create controlled spaces inside each organelle. These small microenvironments support specialized jobs and separate them from the surrounding cytosol. Different organelles maintain different internal conditions. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cell Structures

Prokaryotic cells are small, single-celled organisms found in the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include familiar species such as Salmonella and E. coli. Archaea include extremophiles, which are organisms that live in harsh environments like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They are surrounded by a plasma membrane, contain cytoplasm, and have ribosomes that make proteins. Their genetic material is a single, circular DNA molecule.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. Together, these parts create the environment where key cell activities happen. The cytoplasm is also a major site for protein synthesis and folding. The water-based cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. Hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to hide in the protein core, while hydrophilic amino acids...

endoplasmic reticulum

ER in Protein and Lipid Transport

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane network in eukaryotic cells. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. This connection helps link nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and supports efficient movement inside the cell. mRNA can move from the nucleus to ribosomes, which helps protein synthesis happen efficiently. The ER is a major site for making, processing, and distributing biomolecules. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes...

ribosomes

How Ribosomes Build Proteins

Ribosomes build proteins by reading messenger RNA, or mRNA, and linking amino acids in the right order. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. Cells that make large amounts of protein, such as secretory cells in the human pancreas, can have millions of them. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus, a part of the nucleus that specializes in making ribosomes. There, rRNA combines with...

golgi apparatus

Protein Sorting in the Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus sorts and modifies proteins after they leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Properly folded and assembled proteins are packaged into vesicles, or small membrane sacs, and moved by microtubule-based motor proteins. These vesicles can fuse into vesicular tubular clusters before reaching the Golgi, which often looks like a ribbon-shaped organelle in eukaryotic cells. Vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, the side facing the ER. They pass through a set of pancake-shaped...

peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and Cellular Detoxification

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, which turns energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes focus on breaking down substances such as fatty acids and other materials the cell needs to process. A peroxisome is a single membrane-bound organelle. It helps with lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. Enzymes inside peroxisomes move hydrogen atoms from molecules to oxygen. This reaction...

microtubules

Microtubules in Cells and Cell Movement

Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers that help cells keep their shape, move materials, and divide. They are the thickest of the three main cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells, with a diameter of about 25 nm. Along with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the internal support network of the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes built from tubulin proteins. Each tubulin molecule is a heterodimer, which means it has two different parts: α-tubulin and β-tubulin. These dimers...

plant cell wall

Plant Cell Walls in Growth and Support

Plant cell walls help plant cells keep their shape, stay protected, and remain supported. As a cell matures, its wall can change based on the cell type. Parenchyma cells in leaves usually have only a thin primary cell wall. These walls are part of how different plant cells take on different jobs. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are found mostly in the outer layers of stems and leaves. Collenchyma cells add strength by partially thickening the primary cell wall. Sclerenchyma cells provide...

plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata and Plant Cell Communication

Plasmodesmata are the connections that let plant cells communicate directly. These tiny passageways link neighboring cells through the cell wall and help tissues work together in a multicellular plant. Cells in multicellular organisms must communicate to function as a unit. One way they do this is through intercellular junctions, which are contact points between adjacent cells. Fungal, plant, and animal cells all have intercellular junctions, but the types differ. In animal cells, the main...

the nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell. Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated. Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a...

the extracellular matrix

How ECM Supports Animal Tissues

The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports animal tissues by surrounding cells with structural molecules. It helps maintain tissue organization and gives tissues their specific physical properties. The ECM includes a gel-like ground substance, fibrous components, and many molecules with different jobs. A major part of the ECM is made of glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs. These polysaccharides fill much of the extracellular space and can take up a large volume for their mass. That makes the matrix...

gap junctions

Connexins and Cell-to-Cell Signaling

Gap junctions help animal cells send signals and share small materials with nearby cells. They are made of special proteins that form pores between neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasm. Through these channels, cells can exchange ions and other small molecules. These communication channels are found in many invertebrate and vertebrate species. They support important processes such as cell differentiation and development. They are also linked to human diseases, including disorders of...

tissues

Body Tissues and Their Jobs

Body tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function. When different tissues work together, they form an organ with a specialized job. Vertebrates have four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is made of thin sheets of cells. It covers the skin and lines internal organs and body cavities. These cells are tightly packed, so they help protect against injury, infection, and water loss. Epithelial tissue may be simple, with one...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nucleus stores DNA, controls gene expression, packages chromatin, forms chromosomes, and builds ribosomal subunits in high school cells.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.a

Arizona Science Standards

High School

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.4

Alabama Course of Study Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.2

SC.912.L.14.3

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-1.

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS1-1

myJoVE Corporation

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

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Cytoplasm

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Background
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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

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Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

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