Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

غلاف الأرض المائي هي كل المنطقة حيث يوجد الماء على الكوكب. معظم موارد مياه الأرض موجودة في محيطات المياه المالحة حيث يمكن لجزيئات الماء المستقلة أن تُدوم لمدة قد تصل إلى 3000 سنة. وهو قياس يُسمى بفترة المكوث.جزيئات الماء الموجودة في مصادر المياه العذبة الحساسة مثل البحيرات والجداول تدخل هذه الدورة بسرعة أكبر بكثير. تبدأ الدورة عندما تسخّن طاقة الشمس وتبخّر المياه السطحية من المحيطات والجداول والبحيرات إلى الغلاف الجوي حيث تتكثف لتشكل غيوماًتعود المياه عندها لسطح الأرض على هيئة هطل مطري. تستطيع الآن أن تعاود الجريان إلى المحيط خلال جريانها عبر الجداول والبحيرات،أو أن تتسرب خلال التربة لتتخزن في مكامن مائية،أو تجري تحت السطح كمياه جوفية أو أن تتبخر مجدداًعبر عملية نتح النباتات الأرضية.

هاملينجتون ، بي دي ، جي تي ريجر ، إم إتش. لو ، ك. ب. كارنوسكاس ، و آر آر ليبن. "فصل تقلب دورة المياه العالمية العقدية عن ارتفاع مستوى سطح البحر". التقارير العلمية 7 (20 أبريل 2017). [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00875-5" target = "__blank" >مصدر</a>]

هادلاند، إنجيرد، ينس هاينكي، هيستر بيمانز، ستيفاني إيسنر، مارتينا فلورك، ناوتا هاناساكي، ماركوس كونزمان، وآخرون "الموارد المائية العالمية المتأثرة بالتدخلات البشرية وتغير المناخ". وقائع الأكاديمية الوطنية للعلوم بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 111، العدد 9 (4 مارس 2014): 3251-56. [<a href = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222475110" target = "__blank" >المصدر</a>]

دورة الماء

يشمل الغلاف المائي للأرض جميع المناطق التي يحدث فيها تخزين وحركة الماء. نظراً لأن الماء هو أساس جميع العمليات الحية ، فإن تدوير الماء مهم للغاية لديناميكيات النظام البيئي.

تبدأ دورة الماء عندما تقوم الشمس بتسخين المياه السطحية على الأرض وفي المحيطات ، مما يؤدي إلى تبخرها ودخولها الغلاف الجوي كبخار. يتكثف بخار الماء في شكل غيوم ، ثم يسقط في النهاية على هيئة أمطار أو ثلج أو بَرَد.

بعد السقوط مرة أخرى على الأرض ، قد يدخل الماء إلى مسطحات مائية كبيرة ، أو يتبخر مرة أخرى ، أو يبقى على السطح في صورة جريان ، أو يتسرب إلى التربة ، حيث يمكن أن تمتصه النباتات وينتشر (ينطلق من مسام الأوراق وتبخرت في الغلاف الجوي) أو تصبح مياه جوفية. قد تشكل المياه الجوفية العميقة خزانات ، أو طبقات المياه الجوفية ، وتصل المياه الجوفية الضحلة في النهاية إلى مسطح مائي ، حيث يمكن تبخيرها كمياه سطحية لمواصلة الدورة.

<h4>تخزين طويل الأمد</h4>

تحتوي الخلايا البشرية على أكثر من ٧٠٪ ماء ، وتحتاج جميع الكائنات الحية الموجودة على الأرض تقريباً إلى مياه عذبة للبقاء على قيد الحياة. ومع ذلك ، فإن ٩٧,٥٪ من الماء الموجود على الأرض هي مياه مالحة ، وأقل من ١٪ من الماء العذب يمكن الوصول إليه عبر الأنهار والبحيرات. توجد معظم الماء على الأرض على شكل جليد أو مياه جوفية أو مياه مالحة في المحيطات والبحار ، ولا يمكن الوصول إليها من قبل العديد من النباتات والحيوانات والفطريات ، وغير متاحة للتدوير قصير الأمد. في هذه الأشكال ، يتم تخزين الماء لفترات طويلة من الوقت - تسمى أوقات الإقامة - قبل الدخول في دورة الماء.

<h4>دورة الماء قصيرة الأمد</h4>

تعمل الطاقة القادمة من الشمس على تسخين المياه السطحية على اليابسة وفي المحيط ، مما يؤدي إلى دخولها إلى الغلاف الجوي من خلال التبخر والتسامي (يتبخر الجليد من شكل صلب) والنتح (تبخر الماء من النباتات). يتكثف بخار الماء بعد ذلك ليشكل غيوماً ثم يسقط على الأرض على شكل ترسيب (مثل المطر أو الثلج). المياه التي تعود إلى سطح الأرض قد: تملأ المسطحات المائية ، وتتبخر من الأرض مرة أخرى ، وتتخلل التربة حتى تمتصها النباتات وتتدفق تحت السطح كمياه جوفية ، أو يتم تخزينها لفترات طويلة في طبقات المياه الجوفية.

يشمل الغلاف المائي للأرض جميع المناطق التي يحدث فيها تخزين المياه وحركتها. نظرا لأن الماء هو أساس جميع العمليات الحية ، ...

Education

JoVE Core

علم الأحياء

Ecology

علم البيئة

Ecosystems

النظم البيئية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

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