Name: water movement through earth systems
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Water Cycle

The hydrosphere is the entire area where water occurs on a planet. Most of the Earth&#39;s water supply is contained in salt water oceans, where individual water molecules may remain for as long as 3,000 years, a measurement known as residence time. Water molecules in critical freshwater sources, such as lakes and streams, cycle much faster.

The cycle begins as the sun&#39;s energy warms and evaporates surface water from oceans, streams and lakes into the atmosphere, where it condenses to form clouds. Water then returns to the earth&#39;s surface as precipitation.

Now it can flow back into the ocean as runoff via streams and lakes, seep into the soil to be stored in aquifers, flow beneath the surface as groundwater, or evaporate again through transpiration by terrestrial plants.

the water cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, the cycling of water is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics.

The water cycle begins as the sun warms surface water on the land and in oceans, causing it to evaporate and enter the atmosphere as vapor. The water vapor condenses into clouds and eventually falls as precipitation in the form of rain, snow or hail.

After falling back to the Earth, water may enter large bodies of water, evaporate again, remain on the surface as runoff, or seep into the soil, where it may be absorbed by plants and transpired (released from pores in the leaves and evaporated into the atmosphere) or become groundwater. Deep groundwater may form reservoirs, or aquifers, and shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water, where it can be evaporated as surface water to continue the cycle.

<h4>Long-Term Storage</h4>

Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all organisms on land require fresh water to survive. However, 97.5% of the water on Earth is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible through rivers and lakes. Most water on Earth exists as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas, and is inaccessible to many plants, animals, and fungi, and unavailable for short-term cycling. In these forms, water is stored for extended periods of time&mdash;called residence times&mdash;before entering the water cycle.

<h4>Short-Term Water Cycle</h4>

Energy from the sun warms surface water on land and in the ocean, causing it to enter the atmosphere through evaporation, sublimation (ice vaporizing from a solid form), and transpiration (water evaporation from plants). The water vapor then condenses to form clouds and eventually falls to the Earth as precipitation (e.g., rain or snow). The water that returns to the Earth&rsquo;s surface may: fill bodies of water, evaporate from the ground again, permeate the soil to be absorbed and transpired by plants, flow beneath the surface as groundwater, or be stored for prolonged periods in aquifers.

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Ecology

Ecosystems

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

water movement through earth systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics.

The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and by transpiration, which is water released from plant leaves and then evaporated.

Water vapor cools and condenses into clouds. It later falls back to Earth as precipitation, such as rain, snow, or hail. After that, the water may collect in large bodies of water, evaporate again from the ground, run off across the surface, or seep into soil.

Some water in the soil is absorbed by plants and returned to the atmosphere through transpiration. Some becomes groundwater, which moves below the surface. Deep groundwater can form reservoirs called aquifers, while shallow groundwater eventually reaches a body of water and can evaporate again as surface water.

Water also stays stored for long periods before it enters the cycle again. Human cells are over 70% water, and almost all land organisms need fresh water to survive. Yet 97.5% of Earth’s water is saltwater, and less than 1% of freshwater is accessible in rivers and lakes.

Most water on Earth is locked up as ice, groundwater, or saltwater in the oceans and seas. These stores have long residence times, which means the water remains there for extended periods. They are not part of short-term cycling until the water moves back into the active water cycle.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Track how water moves through Earth’s systems by evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, transpiration, and groundwater storage.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

ESS.EES.5.2

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.2.4

ESS.EES.2.5

ESS.EES.3.1

ESS.EES.3.2

ESS.EES.3.3

ESS.EES.3.4

ESS.EES.3.5

ESS.EES.4.3

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.K

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-5

Life Sciences

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Diversity And Interdependence Of Life

Biodiversity

Physical Geology

igneous-metamorphic-and-sedimentary-rocks

Igneous, Metamorphic And Sedimentary Rocks

Ocean

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.2

BIO1.LS2.3

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

ES.8

ES.8.a

ES.8.b

ES.8.c

ES.10

ES.10.a

ES.11

ES.11.b

LS.5

LS.5.a

LS.9

LS.9.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9E.1.2.1.1

2.2.1 9L.2.2.1.1

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.11

112.49.c.11.A.

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Arizona Science Standards

HS+E.E1

HS+E.E1U1.5

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS-LS2-3

HS-ESS2-6

HS+B.L2

HS+B.L2U1.3

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.21

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.7

9-12.ESS.2.7

9-12.ESS.2.7.a

Environmental Science

9-12.EVS.1.2

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-4

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.1

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.E.7.9

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.2

SC.912.L.17.10

BIO.13

BIO.13.C

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO5.

All Standards

Geology

Formation and Evolution of Earth

SG1.c

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-5.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS2-5.

E-ESS2-7.

SEV1.

SEV1.c

SEV3.

SEV3.a

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-5.

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS2-5.

HS-ESS2-6.

Oceanography

SO6.

SO6.1

SB5.b

myJoVE Corporation

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

Use models to illustrate how processes in organisms contribute to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter within an ecosystem.

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards