Name: carbon compounds in everyday life
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:31.000Z
Duration: 2 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

What is Organic Chemistry?

الكيمياء العضوية هي دراسة المركبات الكيميائية المكونة بشكل أساسي من ذرات الكربون المرتبطة بالهيدروجين أو الأكسجين أو النيتروجين أو ذرات الكبريت.
تشكل المركبات العضوية مجموعة متنوعة من الجزيئات - من اللبنات الأساسية للحياة مثل الحمض النووي أو جدران الخلايا النباتية إلى المواد المحررة للطاقة مثل الوقود. عادة ما يتم تقسيمها بسهولة.
تشكل ذرات الكربون العمود الفقري لكل مركب عضوي ، والذي يمكن أن يفترض هياكل متنوعة مع ترتيبات على شكل حلقة ومتفرعة وسلسلة مستقيمة بسبب تعدد استخدامات الكربون في تكوين أربع روابط إما كروابط مفردة أو مزدوجة أو ثلاثية. 
يمكن أن تكون المركبات العضوية إما هيدروكربونات أو هيدروكربونات وظيفية.
تتكون الهيدروكربونات بالكامل من ذرات الكربون والهيدروجين. الألكانات هي هيدروكربونات تحتوي على روابط مفردة. تحتوي الألكينات على رابطة مزدوجة واحدة أو أكثر ، بينما تحتوي الألكينات على رابطة ثلاثية واحدة أو أكثر.
تسمى الهيدروكربونات التي تحتوي على واحدة أو أكثر من ذرات الهيدروجين التي تم استبدالها بمجموعة معينة من الذرات أو المجموعات الوظيفية "الهيدروكربونات الوظيفية". تحدد الصيغة العامة للهيدروكربونات الوظيفية الجزء الهيدروكربوني بالحرف "R" ، متبوعا بالمجموعة الوظيفية المحددة.
يمكن أن تكون المجموعات الوظيفية من أنواع عديدة ولها خصائص فيزيائية وكيميائية محددة. تندرج جميع المركبات العضوية التي تحمل مجموعة وظيفية مشتركة تحت نفس عائلة الهيدروكربونات ، وتظهر خصائص متشابهة ، وتتبع تسميات مماثلة.
على سبيل المثال ، تسمى جميع المركبات العضوية التي تحتوي على ذرة كربون تحمل مجموعة وظيفية –OH بالكحول. في المقابل ، تسمى جميع المركبات العضوية التي تحمل مجموعات وظيفية كربوكسيل بالأحماض الكربوكسيلية.
بشكل عام ، يعد فهم بنية المركبات العضوية وترابطها وتفاعلاتها ، الطبيعية والاصطناعية ، أمرا أساسيا لفهم وظائفها في الحياة الواقعية.

هذا النص مقتبس من <a href = "https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-introduction" >Openstax ، الكيمياء 2 ه ، القسم 20</a>.

ما هي الكيمياء العضوية؟

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الكيمياء العضوية هي دراسة مركبات الكربون التي تُسمى المركبات العضوية. تنشأ المركبات العضوية إما من الكائنات الحية أو يتم تصنيعها بواسطة الكيميائيين. السمة المميزة لهذه المركبات هي وجود الكربون كعنصر رئيسي، والذي يرتبط بذرات الكربون الأخرى وعناصر أخرى مثل الهيدروجين، والأكسجين، والنيتروجين، والكبريت. إن وجود مجموعة واسعة من الجزيئات العضوية هو نتيجة لقدرة ذرات الكربون على تكوين ما يصل إلى أربع روابط قوية مع ذرات الكربون الأخرى، مما يؤدي إلى سلاسل وحلقات ذات أحجام وأشكال وتعقيدات مختلفة. ومع ذلك، فإن بعض المركبات المحتوية على الكربون، مثل الكربونات والسيانيد والأكاسيد البسيطة (CO وCO2)، لا يتم تصنيفها عادةً على أنها مركبات عضوية.
أبسط المركبات العضوية تحتوي على عنصري الكربون والهيدروجين فقط وتُسمى الهيدروكربونات. قد تختلف الهيدروكربونات في أنواع روابط الكربون الموجودة في جزيئاتها. وقد تكون ألكانات (تحتوي على روابط أحادية فقط)، أو ألكينات (تحتوي على رابطة مزدوجة واحدة أو أكثر)، أو ألكاينات (تحتوي على رابطة ثلاثية أو أكثر). على الرغم من أن جميع الهيدروكربونات تتكون من نوعين فقط من الذرات (الكربون والهيدروجين)، إلا أن هناك مجموعة واسعة من الهيدروكربونات بسبب اختلاف أطوال السلسلة والسلاسل المتفرعة وحلقات ذرات الكربون، أو مزيج من هذه التراكيب. عادةً ما تتغير خصائص مثل نقطة الانصهار ونقطة الغليان بشكل يمكن التنبؤ به مع تغير عدد ذرات الكربون والهيدروجين في الجزيئات.
يؤدي دمج مجموعة وظيفية في الجزيئات المحتوية على الكربون والهيدروجين إلى ظهور عائلات جديدة من المركبات تسمى الهيدروكربونات الوظيفية. المجموعة الوظيفية هي ذرة مميزة أو مجموعة ذرات مميزة تحدد بشكل أساسي خصائص مشتقات الهيدروكربون. على سبيل المثال، المركبات التي تحتوي على المجموعة الوظيفية -OH المرتبطة بالجزء الهيدروكربوني هي الكحولات. وبحسب الاصطلاح، الصيغة العامة للكحول هي R-OH ، حيث R هو الجزء الهيدروكربوني من الجزيء. تشكل مجموعة المركبات التي تحتوي على نفس المجموعة الوظيفية عائلة.
المركبات العضوية هي المكونات الرئيسية للمواد البلاستيكية، والصابون، والعطور، والمُحليات والأقمشة، والأدوية، والعديد من المواد الأخرى المستخدمة يومياً. ولذلك، فإن دراسة هياكلها وتفاعلاتها أمر بالغ الأهمية لفهم وظائفها في الحياة الواقعية.


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الكيمياء العضوية هي دراسة مركبات الكربون التي تسمى المركبات العضوية. المركبات العضوية إما تنشأ من الكائنات الحية أو ...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

الكيمياء العضوية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Covalent Bonding and Structure

الترابط التساهمي والبنية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

carbon compounds in everyday life

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and simple oxides such as CO and CO2 are usually excluded.

The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. They can be alkanes with single bonds, alkenes with one or more double bonds, or alkynes with one or more triple bonds.

Hydrocarbons can vary a lot even though they use only two kinds of atoms. Their carbon atoms may form straight chains, branched chains, rings, or combinations of these structures. As the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms changes, properties such as melting point and boiling point usually change in a predictable way.

Adding a functional group creates a new family of compounds called functionalized hydrocarbons. A functional group is a specific atom or group of atoms that mostly controls the properties of the molecule. For example, compounds with an –OH group attached to the hydrocarbon part are alcohols. By convention, alcohols have the general formula R–OH, where R is the hydrocarbon portion.

Compounds with the same functional group belong to the same family. Organic compounds are important in plastics, soaps, perfumes, sweeteners, fabrics, pharmaceuticals, and many other everyday products. Learning their structures and reactions helps explain how these materials work in real life.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

what is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and...

electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

How Electrons Fill Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling in atoms follows a set order based on orbital energy. The Aufbau principle says each new electron enters the lowest-energy subshell available. The Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity says electrons stay unpaired in equal-energy orbitals when possible. The order of filling follows the relative energies of the subshells. A common sequence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, and so on.

chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds: Types and Strength

Chemical bonds help atoms reach a full valence shell like the nearest noble gas. The main bond types are ionic, covalent, and metallic. Bond energy and bond length also help explain how strong a bond is. An ionic bond forms from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. In many cases, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, and the ions form from that transfer. Ionic bonds have no defined direction because the attraction spreads evenly through three-dimensional space. A...

polar covalent bonds

Electronegativity in Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons unevenly. This happens in covalent bonds between atoms that have similar, but not identical, tendencies to attract electrons. Nonmetal atoms often make these bonds with other nonmetals. Hydrogen gas, H2, is a simple example of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. A covalent bond begins when two atoms move close enough for their valence orbitals to overlap. In hydrogen, the 1s orbitals overlap and the single electrons on each atom...

lewis structures and formal charges

Lewis Structures, Bonds, and Formal Charge

Lewis structures show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and in polyatomic ions. Lewis symbols help draw these structures, and the periodic table helps predict how many valence electrons an atom has and how many bonds it can form to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, already have filled electron configurations. They rarely take part in chemical bonding. Atoms in group 17, such as bromine and iodine, need one more electron to reach an octet, so they can form...

vsepr theory

Molecular Shapes from Electron Pairs

Molecular shape can be predicted from the way electron pairs arrange around a central atom. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, uses a Lewis structure to count bonding pairs and lone electron pairs. The main idea is simple: electron pairs spread out as far as possible to reduce repulsion. In a molecule, the valence electrons around the central atom can be bonding pairs or lone pairs. Bonding pairs are found mainly between bonded atoms. Lone pairs stay on one atom and...

molecular geometry and dipole moments

Predicting Shape and Molecular Polarity

Molecular shape and molecular polarity can be predicted with VSEPR theory and dipole moments. Start by writing the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. Then count the electron groups around the central atom. Lone pairs and bonds both count as electron groups, and a single, double, or triple bond each counts as one region of electron density. Use that count to identify the electron-pair geometry. Next, use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than...

resonance and hybrid structures

Resonance in Nitrite and Carbonate Ions

Resonance explains why some Lewis structures do not match the measured properties of a molecule or ion. When two or more Lewis structures have the same atom arrangement, the real electron distribution is an average of the structures shown. The nitrite anion, NO2−, is one example. It can be drawn in two ways, with the N–O and N=O bonds in different places. If nitrite had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different, because a double bond is shorter and stronger...

valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

valence-bond-theory-and-hybridized-orbitals

Covalent Bond Overlap and Orbital Hybridization

Covalent bonds form when orbitals on two atoms overlap and their single electrons pair up. The bond is stronger when the overlap is greater. Maximum overlap happens when the orbitals meet along a direct line between the two nuclei. A sigma bond, or σ bond, is the kind of covalent bond found in a single bond in a Lewis structure. In a σ bond, electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis. A pi bond, or π bond, forms when two p orbitals overlap side by side. In a π bond, the...

mo theory and covalent bonding

Bond Order and Molecular Orbitals

Molecular orbital theory explains how electrons are arranged in molecules. It treats electron regions in a molecule much like atomic orbitals in an atom. A molecular orbital is the region of space where a valence electron is most likely to be found. Molecular orbitals form through the linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO. When atomic wave functions combine in phase, they create regions with high electron density. When they combine out of phase, they create nodes, or regions with no...

intermolecular forces and physical properties

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

How Intermolecular Forces Affect Matter

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they help explain how matter behaves. These forces influence melting points, boiling points, and whether substances mix with one another. Water has a much higher boiling point than hexane, which shows that water has stronger intermolecular forces. Three main kinds of intermolecular interactions are covered here. They include ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces, which include London dispersion...

solubility

Why Some Substances Dissolve in Water

Solution formation depends on how solutes and solvents interact. A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of a solvent, which is the larger part, and a solute, which is the smaller part. The physical state of a solution is usually the same as the solvent. Concentration is often described as dilute for a low amount of solute or concentrated for a high amount of solute. When a solute dissolves, its particles are surrounded by solvent species. This process is called solvation. If water is the...

introduction to functional groups

Functional Groups and Organic Molecules

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that appear within organic molecules. They are sometimes shown as "R." These groups sit along the carbon backbone of macromolecules, which can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups help functionalize a compound. That means they can give the molecule different physical and chemical properties. In organic chemistry, this change in group structure can strongly affect how a compound behaves. Common...

overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Explore carbon-based organic compounds, from hydrocarbons to alcohols, and see how carbon structures and functional groups shape everyday materials.

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry explains basic concepts of stereochemistry, reactions, and mechanisms using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.12

SC.912.P.8.13

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Functional Groups

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All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic ...

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3 Developing possible explanations of phenomena or designing solutions to engineering problems
 3.2 Constructing explanations and designing solutions 
  3.2.2 Students will be able to use their understanding of scientific principles and the engineering design process to design solutions that meet established criteria and constraints.*  

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

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