Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms within an organic compound that impart distinctive chemical properties. 
One of the important functional groups in organic chemistry is the carbonyl functional group, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen.
Two closely related carbonyl-based organic compounds are aldehydes and ketones. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom. The exception is formaldehyde, in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two hydrogens.
Meanwhile, in ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms within a hydrocarbon skeleton.
The carbonyl group forms a part of many larger functional groups, such as the carboxyl group of carboxylic acids, which is composed of a hydroxyl group bound to the carbonyl carbon.
Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids include esters, in which the hydrogen of the carboxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group; amides, in which the OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amine; and acyl chlorides, in which the OH is replaced by a chloride.
Multiple bonds are a feature of other functional groups, such as the nitrile or cyano functional group, with a carbon atom triple-bonded to nitrogen.
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is often represented as six carbon atoms in a ring with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene minus one hydrogen serves as phenyl&#8212;a functional group. A hydroxyl group attached to the phenyl-based aromatic ring forms a phenol.
An amine is a non&#8209;carbon-containing functional group defined by an electronegative nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons singly bonded in a hydrocarbon framework. They are classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary, depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to nitrogen.
Likewise, a phosphate functional group has a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. Up to three hydrocarbon chains can be attached to the oxygen atoms singly bonded to the phosphorus to obtain organophosphates.

overview of advanced functional groups

<h4></h4>
Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as &#8220;R&#8221;. Functional groups can &#8220;functionalize&#8221; a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
<h4>Types of Advanced Functional Groups</h4>
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
	<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Class of Organic Compounds</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Skeletal Structures of Compounds with Functional Groups in Red</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Names of Compounds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aromatic hydrocarbon</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Benzene ring chemical structure; hexagonal diagram with alternating double bonds." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure1" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenol</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Phenol structural formula diagram, aromatic ring with hydroxyl group." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure2" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phenol (Hydroxybenzene)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aldehyde</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="ethanol structural formula, chemical bonds diagram, molecular structure, organic chemistry." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure3" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethanal (Acetaldehyde)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ketone</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Molecular structure diagram of acetaldehyde, showing chemical bonds and carbonyl group." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure4" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acid or acyl chloride</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) molecule, chemical structure illustration." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure5" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetyl chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Carboxylic acid</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ethanol molecular structure diagram showing C2H4O2 bonding configuration." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure6" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethanoic acid (Acetic acid)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ester</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ester structure, ethyl acetate molecular diagram, organic chemistry, bond representation." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure7" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethyl acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amine</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Ethylamine molecule structure, molecular formula C2H7N, chemical bonding diagram." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure8" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ethylamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amide</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Chemical structure of acetamide molecule; structural formula; organic chemistry diagram; C2H5NO." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure9" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nitrile</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Molecular structure of acetonitrile, chemical formula CH3CN, showing carbon-nitrogen triple bond." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure10" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetonitrile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphate</td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Phosphate group chemical structure, diagram with bonds and atoms labeled, biochemical education." src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure11" /></td>
			<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Methyl dihydrogen phosphate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

This text is adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as &#8220;R&#8221;. ...

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Covalent Bonding and Structure

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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what is organic chemistry?

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

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Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Learn how advanced functional groups change the properties of organic molecules, with examples including aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, and more.

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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