Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

المجموعات الوظيفية هي ذرات أو مجموعات من الذرات داخل مركب عضوي تضفي خصائص كيميائية مميزة. 
واحدة من المجموعات الوظيفية المهمة في الكيمياء العضوية هي المجموعة الوظيفية للكربونيل ، والتي تتكون من ذرة كربون مزدوجة الارتباط بالأكسجين.
هناك مركبان عضويان مرتبطان ارتباطا وثيقا بالكربونيل هما الألدهيدات والكيتونات. في الألدهيدات ، يرتبط الكربونيل بمجموعة الألكيل وذرة الهيدروجين. الاستثناء هو الفورمالديهايد ، حيث يرتبط الكربونيل بهيدروجين.
وفي الوقت نفسه ، في الكيتونات ، ترتبط ذرة الكربونيل بذرتين كربنيتين أخريين داخل هيكل عظمي هيدروكربوني.
تشكل مجموعة الكربونيل جزءا من العديد من المجموعات الوظيفية الأكبر ، مثل مجموعة الكربوكسيل من الأحماض الكربوكسيلية ، والتي تتكون من مجموعة هيدروكسيل مرتبطة بالكربونيل الكربوني.
تشمل المشتقات الوظيفية للأحماض الكربوكسيلية الإسترات ، حيث يتم استبدال هيدروجين مجموعة الكربوكسيل بمجموعة ألكيل ؛ أميدات ، حيث يتم استبدال OH لمجموعة الكربوكسيل بأمين ؛ وكلوريدات الأسيل ، حيث يتم استبدال OH بكلوريد.
الروابط المتعددة هي سمة من سمات المجموعات الوظيفية الأخرى ، مثل المجموعة الوظيفية النتريل أو السيانو ، مع ذرة كربون ثلاثية الارتباط بالنيتروجين.
البنزين هو هيدروكربون عطري غالبا ما يتم تمثيله على شكل ست ذرات كربون في حلقة ذات روابط مفردة ومزدوجة بالتناوب. يعمل البنزين ناقص الهيدروجين الواحد كفينيل - مجموعة وظيفية. تشكل مجموعة الهيدروكسيل المتصلة بالحلقة العطرية القائمة على الفينيل الفينول.
الأمين هو مجموعة وظيفية غير تحتوي على الكربون تحددها ذرة نيتروجين كهربية مع زوج وحيد من الإلكترونات مرتبطة منفردة في إطار هيدروكربوني. يتم تصنيفها على أنها أولية وثانوية وثالثية ، اعتمادا على عدد ذرات الكربون المرتبطة بالنيتروجين.
وبالمثل ، تحتوي المجموعة الوظيفية للفوسفات على ذرة فوسفور مرتبطة تساهميا بأربع ذرات أكسجين. يمكن ربط ما يصل إلى ثلاث سلاسل هيدروكربونية بذرات الأكسجين المرتبطة منفردة بالفوسفور للحصول على الفوسفات العضوي.

نظرة عامة على المجموعات الوظيفية المتقدمة

<div style="direction:rtl">
 المجموعات الوظيفية هي مجموعات من الذرات ذات خواص كيميائية محددة تحدث داخل الجزيئات العضوية ويشار إليها أحيانًا بالحرف "R". يمكن للمجموعات الوظيفية "تفعيل" المركب من خلال تمكينه من اعتماد خصائص فيزيائية وكيميائية مختلفة.
 <h4>أنواع المجموعات الوظيفية المتقدمة</h4> 
 يلخص الجدول أدناه بعض المجموعات الوظيفية الرئيسية في الكيمياء العضوية. 
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody style="border: 1px solid black;"> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">فئة المركبات العضوية</td> 
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الهياكل الهيكلية للمركبات ذات المجموعات الوظيفية باللون الأحمر</td> 
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">أسماء المركبات</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الهيدروكربونات العطرية</td> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">البنزين</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الفينول</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الفينول (هيدروكسي بنزين)</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">ألدهيد</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">إيثانال (أسيتالديهيد)</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">كيتون</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الأسيتون</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">حمض أو كلوريد الأسيل</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">كلوريد الاسيتيل</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">حمض الكربوكسيل</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">حمض الإيثانويك (حمض الخليك)</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">استر</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">إيثيل الأسيتات</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">أمين</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">إيثيلامين</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الأميد</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">أسيتاميد</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	 <tr> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">النتريل</td> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td> 
 	 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">الأسيتونيتريل</td> 
 	</tr> 
 	<tr> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">فوسفات</td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td> 
 		<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">ميثيل هيدروجين فوسفات</td> 
 	</tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table> 
هذا النص مقتبس من<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

</div>


المجموعات الوظيفية هي مجموعات من الذرات ذات الخصائص الكيميائية المحددة التي تحدث داخل الجزيئات العضوية ويشار إليها أحيانا باسم "R". ...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

الكيمياء العضوية

Unit 1

الوحدة الأولى

Covalent Bonding and Structure

الترابط التساهمي والبنية

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

المصطلحات والمفاهيم الأساسية

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

advanced-functional-groups-in-organic-chemistry

what is organic chemistry?

Carbon Compounds in Everyday Life

Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds called organic compounds. These compounds may come from living things or be made by chemists. Carbon is the main element in them, and it bonds with other carbon atoms as well as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds. That ability lets carbon atoms build chains and rings of many sizes, shapes, and levels of complexity. Not every carbon-containing substance is classified as organic. Carbonates, cyanides, and...

electronic structure of atoms

Atomic Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

Atomic orbitals and quantum numbers describe how electrons are arranged around the nucleus. An atom has a small, positively charged nucleus with electrons surrounding it. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, and the quantum mechanical model gives a better picture of this structure than older models. Protons carry a +1 charge and have a mass of 1.0073 amu. Neutrons have no charge and have a mass of 1.0087 amu. Electrons carry a −1 charge and have a mass of 0.00055 amu. The number of...

electron configurations

How Electrons Fill Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling in atoms follows a set order based on orbital energy. The Aufbau principle says each new electron enters the lowest-energy subshell available. The Pauli exclusion principle says no two electrons can share the same set of four quantum numbers. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity says electrons stay unpaired in equal-energy orbitals when possible. The order of filling follows the relative energies of the subshells. A common sequence is 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, and so on.

chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds: Types and Strength

Chemical bonds help atoms reach a full valence shell like the nearest noble gas. The main bond types are ionic, covalent, and metallic. Bond energy and bond length also help explain how strong a bond is. An ionic bond forms from electrostatic attraction between cations and anions. In many cases, one atom transfers electrons to another atom, and the ions form from that transfer. Ionic bonds have no defined direction because the attraction spreads evenly through three-dimensional space. A...

polar covalent bonds

Electronegativity in Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons unevenly. This happens in covalent bonds between atoms that have similar, but not identical, tendencies to attract electrons. Nonmetal atoms often make these bonds with other nonmetals. Hydrogen gas, H2, is a simple example of a covalent bond between two hydrogen atoms. A covalent bond begins when two atoms move close enough for their valence orbitals to overlap. In hydrogen, the 1s orbitals overlap and the single electrons on each atom...

lewis structures and formal charges

Lewis Structures, Bonds, and Formal Charge

Lewis structures show how atoms share electrons in covalent bonds and in polyatomic ions. Lewis symbols help draw these structures, and the periodic table helps predict how many valence electrons an atom has and how many bonds it can form to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, already have filled electron configurations. They rarely take part in chemical bonding. Atoms in group 17, such as bromine and iodine, need one more electron to reach an octet, so they can form...

vsepr theory

Molecular Shapes from Electron Pairs

Molecular shape can be predicted from the way electron pairs arrange around a central atom. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory, or VSEPR theory, uses a Lewis structure to count bonding pairs and lone electron pairs. The main idea is simple: electron pairs spread out as far as possible to reduce repulsion. In a molecule, the valence electrons around the central atom can be bonding pairs or lone pairs. Bonding pairs are found mainly between bonded atoms. Lone pairs stay on one atom and...

molecular geometry and dipole moments

Predicting Shape and Molecular Polarity

Molecular shape and molecular polarity can be predicted with VSEPR theory and dipole moments. Start by writing the Lewis structure of the molecule or polyatomic ion. Then count the electron groups around the central atom. Lone pairs and bonds both count as electron groups, and a single, double, or triple bond each counts as one region of electron density. Use that count to identify the electron-pair geometry. Next, use the number of lone pairs to determine the molecular structure. If more than...

resonance and hybrid structures

Resonance in Nitrite and Carbonate Ions

Resonance explains why some Lewis structures do not match the measured properties of a molecule or ion. When two or more Lewis structures have the same atom arrangement, the real electron distribution is an average of the structures shown. The nitrite anion, NO2−, is one example. It can be drawn in two ways, with the N–O and N=O bonds in different places. If nitrite had one single bond and one double bond, the two bond lengths should be different, because a double bond is shorter and stronger...

valence bond theory and hybridized orbitals

valence-bond-theory-and-hybridized-orbitals

Covalent Bond Overlap and Orbital Hybridization

Covalent bonds form when orbitals on two atoms overlap and their single electrons pair up. The bond is stronger when the overlap is greater. Maximum overlap happens when the orbitals meet along a direct line between the two nuclei. A sigma bond, or σ bond, is the kind of covalent bond found in a single bond in a Lewis structure. In a σ bond, electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis. A pi bond, or π bond, forms when two p orbitals overlap side by side. In a π bond, the...

mo theory and covalent bonding

Bond Order and Molecular Orbitals

Molecular orbital theory explains how electrons are arranged in molecules. It treats electron regions in a molecule much like atomic orbitals in an atom. A molecular orbital is the region of space where a valence electron is most likely to be found. Molecular orbitals form through the linear combination of atomic orbitals, or LCAO. When atomic wave functions combine in phase, they create regions with high electron density. When they combine out of phase, they create nodes, or regions with no...

intermolecular forces and physical properties

intermolecular-forces-and-physical-properties

How Intermolecular Forces Affect Matter

Intermolecular forces are the attractions between molecules, and they help explain how matter behaves. These forces influence melting points, boiling points, and whether substances mix with one another. Water has a much higher boiling point than hexane, which shows that water has stronger intermolecular forces. Three main kinds of intermolecular interactions are covered here. They include ion-dipole forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces, which include London dispersion...

solubility

Why Some Substances Dissolve in Water

Solution formation depends on how solutes and solvents interact. A solution is a homogeneous mixture made of a solvent, which is the larger part, and a solute, which is the smaller part. The physical state of a solution is usually the same as the solvent. Concentration is often described as dilute for a low amount of solute or concentrated for a high amount of solute. When a solute dissolves, its particles are surrounded by solvent species. This process is called solvation. If water is the...

introduction to functional groups

Functional Groups and Organic Molecules

Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that appear within organic molecules. They are sometimes shown as "R." These groups sit along the carbon backbone of macromolecules, which can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups help functionalize a compound. That means they can give the molecule different physical and chemical properties. In organic chemistry, this change in group structure can strongly affect how a compound behaves. Common...

overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

key terms and concepts

Learn how advanced functional groups change the properties of organic molecules, with examples including aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, and more.

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Organic Chemistry explains basic concepts of stereochemistry, reactions, and mechanisms using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Florida Department of Education

High School

Physical Science

SC.912.P.8

SC.912.P.8.13

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Matter and Its Interactions: Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge of the patterns of chemical properties. (P: 6, CC: 1, CI: PS1)

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 3.2 Constructing explanations and designing solutions 
  3.2.2 Students will be able to use their understanding of scientific principles and the engineering design process to design solutions that meet established criteria and constraints.*  

Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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